مجله دانش تفسیر سیاسی
پیاپی 15 (بهار 1402)

The literature of development and especially economic development after the Second World War has been very important for elites, researchers and statesmen and has organized the policies of governments to move in the direction of economic growth and development. Not only industrialized, advanced and first world countries, but newly industrialized, developing and third world countries also considered the movement and leap towards economic development as an important matter and a new special task of statesmen, planners and intellectual elites and thinkers. In the current research, the country of Turkey, whose economic growth and development has been significant in recent decades, has been studied and investigated. Therefore, the main question is, what effect did Turkey's foreign policy have on the economic development of this country during the years 1980 to 2008? It is assumed that by adopting a development oriented foreign policy, Turkey was able to put the two issues of foreign policy and economic development on the same path and has achieved some successes in this direction. In fact, the results show that the study on the relationship between development and foreign policy in Turkey clearly shows the mentioned link. This country, especially in the 1980s and also in the decade after the Justice and Development Party came to power, has shown a strong tendency to build trust and improve relations in the field of foreign policy (especially towards the Western world). This case also strengthens the idea of mutual connection between economic development and peaceful foreign policy. The main goal of this research is to investigate and explain the role of foreign policy in promoting and realizing Turkey's economic development, which can be achieved by using qualitative methods and using library resources.

After the insecurity in West Asia and the emergence of the extremist terrorist group ISIS, we have seen the acceptance of the European people from the extreme right-wing parties in Europe. Although apparently these two issues are formed in two different geographical regions, but from the point of view of this research, there is a relationship between the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in West Asia and the rise of extreme right in Europe; Therefore, this research has emerged in response to the question that Islamic fundamentalism in West Asia has had an impact on the rise of European far-right parties? The findings show that with the emergence of fundamentalism in West Asia, the middle variable of Muslim immigration to Europe caused the extreme right parties to turn the opinion of a significant part of the voters in the elections towards the security of immigrant Muslims and linking them to the insecurities of Europe. attract; Therefore, the emergence of xenophobia and anti-immigrant discourses in the sphere of European societies by far-right parties caused these slogans to be associated with a significant reception of the people in the elections and the victory of the far-right.

Smart power is a purposeful and intelligent combination of hard (coercion and coercion) and soft (persuasion and attraction) power, the use of which leads to improving the capabilities of a country in foreign policy and obtaining national interests with less cost and time. This problem has caused governments to try to use the combination of their soft and hard resources in different ways according to different conditions. Taking into consideration the surrounding developments of Iran in West Asia and the connection of Iran's national interests with these developments, the question arises, what is the role of intelligent power in Iran's use of its foreign policy in order to achieve the goals and national interests of the Islamic Republic? And the secondary question is, what are the strengths and weaknesses of Iran's smart power in its surrounding environment and with an emphasis on the West Asian region? The findings of this research show that by considering Iran's hard and soft measures in its surrounding environment, including in the countries of Iraq, Bahrain, Syria, and Lebanon, it can be said that Iran in order to gain influence and deal with the ever-increasing threats of smart power (soft power) and hard power) so that Iran's actions in the field of soft power pay attention to cultural capacity, discourse capacity, scientific capacity, media communication, tourism communication, prevention of psychological war and in solving three major challenges and threats which include the threat of America and Israel It is proxy wars and Salafism and separatism. It has used its hard power in an intelligent way with actions such as strengthening military power, sending advisory forces, strengthening proxy groups, military maneuvers. Also, sanctions and economic pressure have been considered as one of the tools of hard pressure on Iran through resistance economy and expansion of economic cooperation.

Imaginations are more or less fixed individual and social images that create new creations mostly unconsciously in the human mind. The present article investigates the important role of imagination as one of the important and important elements in the social and political sphere. The current research tries to provide a clear and comprehensible definition of the image, to examine the impact of the images and to reach the conclusion that how the images affect the social and political developments. This research was done by descriptive method and by collecting data from library methods. The findings show that the political and social effects of ideas are very important so that they are not only effective in shaping, weakening or strengthening the identities and norms and imaginations of the society, but just as ideas are inherited from the past, they can also be used in the five processes of the presence of imaginary forms in the mind. associating, documenting, highlighting and symbolizing, and undergoing re-creation or transformation through various methods, including the use of media tools, the interaction of different groups with each other, and the creation of incentives or deterrents. Therefore, the role of images can be mentioned as a very influential and important mediator in social and political developments.

In recent years, the Globalization approach has become a powerful theory in International Relations discussions and has keep out the National States theories but spreading of coronavirus pandemic in recent month and involving all countries and international organizations around the world, challenged globalization and its beliefs. The main issue and questions about this event is how it will influenced National State theory and how we can reach a clear result about globalization challenges. The most of articles have published in recent days, discus about empowering the national state theory by this pandemic. COVID-19 recalls the vital role of States for watching and looking after their citizen’s needs; especially in security and daily needs and also, failure of international organizations in this case. In this pandemic, national states performance was better than International Organizations like European Union (EU) or World Health Organization (WHO). This effective performance on struggle with the pandemic, revivals national state importance in international relations theories and will change some parts of international economic and political structure. It seems Realistic theories in international relations will be more validated and globalists have to answer lots of questions about this failure in protecting people all around the world against the coronavirus pandemic.

Positivism has been the dominant feature in the historiography of the new era, and it has served the science of history and helped to make it more scientific, and it has brought negative consequences. Positivist historiography sought to impose the methodology of experimental sciences on human sciences and believed in methodological unity and said that all the methods and styles used in experimental sciences should be used in human sciences and history. When it is science that uses those methods. In Iran, the attitude of positivism is still low. Today, the basic principles of this attitude in the field of humanities and social sciences, especially the principle of the similarity of man and nature and the possibility of knowing them with the same methods, and especially the dominance of the West in its human and social studies, have been seriously criticized by some schools of sociology in the West. Is. This method had positive consequences when it entered Iran in 1340 and caused the legal approach to the study of political phenomena to decrease and the sociological approach to some extent replace it. Its dominance made political science scholars express social and political theories related to Western societies and try to understand Iranian society less or theorize their understanding of Iranian society within the framework of the same Western theory. The result of this strategy is that social sciences and political sciences stay away from the realities of political developments in the construction of the Iranian government and society, a situation that can be considered the political and social isolation of social sciences in general and political science in particular. So far, the social and political phenomena in Iran have been discussed and investigated with theories based on the above approach due to its dominance over the new science. This point of view has had certain consequences in examining the intellectual and political history of Iran.

The type and form of governments has a great impact on their relationship with the people. In such a way that the nature of the government can affect all political, social, economic and cultural affairs and other aspects of people's lives. The Saudi government, as a tribal and dynastic government system, dominated Saudi Arabia from the beginning of the 20th century, and with a model of patrimonial or patriarchal government, it has been able to establish its roots in this country. But the Saudi government also feeds on a kind of religious model. In the sense that Al Saud's connection with Wahhabi and Salafi teachings has shaped the religious foundations of this government and turned it into a sectarian patriarchal system. By proposing this hypothesis, this research seeks to understand the effect of the nature of the sectarian patrimonial government on the conditions of Shiites in Saudi Arabia. The findings of the research show that the dual nature of the sectarian patrimonial government in Saudi Arabia has caused discrimination against Shiites in the political, economic, religious, educational, occupational and social fields and deprived them of many of their rights. 

In the upcoming investigation, we will try to answer the question of what effect did the Pahlavi father and son coups have on the Iranian society with a historical method? The result of which was as follows; The result of which was as follows; With the departure of the Russians from Iran, the British confiscated all political and military positions in their favor, including being placed at the head of the Cossack forces and promoting Reza Khan to the rank of brigadier general. Then with a calculated plan with the help of Reza Khan, they staged the third coup of March 1299; not only to crush Iran's liberal constitutional government; But beyond that, with the political actors they want, they provide themselves with Iran's protection. As a result, with this coup, all the achievements of the Iranian constitutionalists failed once again, so that once again, the authoritarian political system was reproduced in the Iranian society; On the other hand, with the arrival of the Allies and the departure of Reza Shah, his son sat on the throne. But he also faced the parties as a father. Therefore, the colonialists for oil interests, the army for personal interests and internal factors for personal and union interests united against Mossadegh's government and staged a coup d'état on the 28th of August 1332 to destroy the real sovereignty of a nation. In this way, the Iranian society wishes for the rotation of power in the society for a long time. In general, just as Reza Shah's coup caused the reproduction of another burden of tyranny in Iranian society; Mohammad Reza Shah's coup also caused the loss of national sovereignty and the rotation of power at the level of Iranian society; With this process, as Shamsi's March 1299 coup d'état, laid the foundation for the end of the first period of Iran's political development; The coup d'état of August 1332 also ended the second period of Iran's political development and once again autocracy reigned; And political power in Iran is still the personal property of the Pahlavi father and son.