Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences
Volume:6 Issue: 10, Oct 2023

The meaning of “Quality of Life” (QoL) varies from person to person. A person’s perception of the term depends on the situation. This research study makes an attempt to analyse various facets of QoL with respect to blood cancer victims within the investor community in the area of study. The research includes comprehending the QoL influence on blood cancer patients in the state of Odisha, India, to decode the opinion differences among people of various age categories. As declared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Odisha, an average of 50,000 cancer patients is identified resulting in 25,000 deaths in the state every year. This is more than other states with the same population size in the country. Data collection and analysis was conducted by employing three variables; namely, physical health, mental health, and socio-economic status on blood cancer patients to enhance their QoL. Findings of the study revealed the majority of participants believed weakness, insomnia, pain, and psychological disorders were the prominent challenges blood cancer victims had to overcome. Rural areas of Odisha lack healthcare infrastructure when compared to the urban areas. Moreover, socially and financially weaker respondents are more optimistic regarding treatment and life than their richer counterparts.

During the first few months of a baby's life, the parents should deal with terrible condition of infantile colic, in which the infantile cries, groans, or otherwise displays signs of suffering. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of massage, swaddling, and reflexology intervention programs in the practices that mothers use to treat infantile colic. A quasi-experimental research design was employed to investigate 60 mothers (30 subjects in the intervention group and 30 subjects in the control group) who attended treatment and routine follow-ups in outpatient primary health care centers for infantile colic in Erbil from August 1, 2022, to December 1, 2022. A format for health education programs was constructed and designed based on related literature. The data were collected through face-to-face interview techniques, the post-test was administered after one month of intervention with the program. ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant According to the findings, almost all of the infants in both groups were in their second month of life. Comparing mothers` practices for massaging, swaddling, and reflexology score between the control group and the intervention group before the intervention program (pretest) showed no statistically significant difference. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the mothers` practice for massaging, swaddling, and reflexology score between the control group and the intervention group after the intervention program (post-test). Moreover, there was a statistically significant median increase in massaging, swaddling, and reflexology scores (between the pre- and post-test) of both groups. Based on the results, it can be concluded that massage therapy, swaddling, and reflexology care can be significantly effective in managing infantile colic.

Brackets and various arch-wires are used in fixed orthodontic appliances to apply forces to the teeth. The amino-acid glutamate is one neurotransmitter that has been discussed in the context of pain processing and has been linked to a variety of pain syndromes. This study aims to evaluate pain between Double slot orthodontic brackets versus single slot with a visual scale and a saliva biomarker (glutamate testing) and CRP. This randomized clinical trial (double-blind) was conducted in Dentistry/Howler Medical University. 41 patients (26 females and 16 males) aged of 18-23 years old with class II malocclusion were selected from patients seeking orthodontic treatment after proper diagnosing using digital cephalometry, OPG. The patients who were chosen randomly received either a single arch-wire (0.014 NiTi) or a double arch-wire (one 0,014 NiTi and the second 0.012 NiTi). Two saliva samples were prepared and analysed to measure glutamate and CRP and evaluate pain using the visual analogue scale. The mean visual scale was 4.38 in the two-wire group compared to the single-wire cases, which was 2.80 showing a significant difference (P ≤ 0.001). There was a significant statistical difference between glutamate after and before treatment for single and double-slot bracket cases. There was a significant difference in mean pain scores between two group with less pain in single wire with a Visual analogue scale, but there is an insignificant difference with saliva glutamate measurement. However, the levels of glutamate before and after applying force were significant in both groups.

Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are considered as two of the most widely distributed gastrointestinal protozoan parasites in the world, especially in underdeveloped nations, where they cause serious health issues in the form of amebiasis and giardiasis, respectively. The fecal-oral pathway describes the way in which both protozoa are transmitted, specifically through the consumption of tainted food or water. This study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021 at Heevi Paediatric Hospital in Dohuk City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, to determine E. histolytica and G.lamblia prevalence among children presenting with symptoms of diarrhoea. The direct swab of stool approach was used to analyze 2132 samples. Patients' ages ranged from less than 1 year old to over 12. According to the findings, the E. histolytica infection prevalence rates were 147(14.4%) and 188 (16.9%), respectively, in 2020 and 2021. Furthermore, the prevalence rates of G.lamblia were found to be 11.1% and 1.2%, respectively, with a statistically significant rate (P<0.01). Intestinal parasite infections were shown to be substantially linked to both age and gender, with E.histolytica and G.lamblia infections being more common in males than females. In addition, the prevalence rates of E.histolytica and G.lamblia infection were found to be the highest and the lowest in age groups less than 1 year old and over 12, respectively, with statistical significant rate (P<0.05). Protozoal infections are especially common in infants and young children since they have not yet acquired a fully functional immune system. To reduce the incidence of intestinal protozoan parasites, which can cause a wide variety of diseases, it is crucial to improve health conditions.

Incidence of perioperative shivering following spinal anesthesia (SA) is 40% to 60% based on current literature. Ketamine in doses between 0.2 to 0.75 mg/kg has been used to prevent shivering after SA, but associated with dose dependent side-effects. This study evaluated the efficacy of Ketamine in a lower dose (0.1 mg/ kg) for prevention of intraoperative shivering (IOSH) and postoperative shivering (POSH) following SA. Seventy patients who belong to ASA 1 and 2 posted for elective abdominal and lower limb surgeries were randomized among two groups. Adults in Group K were subjected to 0.1 mg/kg of ketamine as intravenous (IV) bolus succeeded by an infusion of 0.1 mg/kg/hr, while adults in Group S received 5 ml saline succeeded by 0.1 ml/kg/hr saline as IV infusion till the end of surgery. 3 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% without additive was used for SA. The incidence of IOSH and POSH was the primary outcome, degree of shivering, sedation scores, side-effects, and hemodynamics among the groups were the secondary outcomes.  Demographic parameters and Hemodynamics were comparable among groups. IOSH incidence was significantly higher in Group S (60%) upon comparison with Group K (20%) (p<0.001) and POSH incidence was significantly higher in Group S (22.9%) upon comparison with Group K (2.9%) (p<0.012). Grades of shivering were more among Group S when compared with Group K (p<0.001). Sedation scores were remarkably higher in Group K (p < 0.001) without any other side-effects. Prophylactic low dose ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) as IV bolus and infusion (0.1 mg/kg/hr) significantly decreased IOSH and POSH following SA with significant sedation and without other side-effects when compared to saline.

Flavonoids are prevalent in plants, fruits, and seeds; they are responsible for the colour, aroma, and flavour of things. Changes in the environment dramatically boost the antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity of flavonoid production. Yet, the significance of in vivo antioxidant function has recently come under question. Sonchus arvensis is a traditional herbal plant that can be found in Asia. This plant has many active compounds with many positive biological activities. Researchers worldwide have studied this plant's potential as medicine in recent years. It shows that this species has a high amount of flavonoid content which can act as an antioxidant. Hence, the aim of this article was to review the specific information about active compounds in Sonchus arvensis, especially the flavonoid content and its role as an antioxidant. This article was library research on the flavonoids contained in herbal plants, especially tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis). This article showed that Sonchus arvensis was considered herbal medicine with significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, Sonchus arvensis could be used as a potential raw material for medicine that would benefit human health. This plant should be further researched to understand the extraction and its effect as a medicine.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease that affects many children worldwide. Caregivers of children with T1DM play a crucial role in managing the child's health, but often face challenges in adhering to the recommended care guidelines. This study aimed to find out the effects of home-based nursing intervention programs on caregivers regarding the home care of children affected by T1DM. A quasi-experimental design with pre-and post-test control and intervention groups was used. This study was conducted in Akre, Duhok, Iraq, with 60 caregivers (30 in an intervention group and 30 in a control group) of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus who were registered at the Gulan General Hospital in Akre city and were selected using the systematic sampling method between 3rd of January to 5th of September, 2022. A home-based nursing intervention program (5 months) was provided to the intervention group, while standard care was provided to the control group. A t-test, chi-squared analysis, and a structural equation model were used for data analysis of the iterative measurements. The end result shows the home-based nursing intervention program changed the behaviour of caregivers toward diet and insulin, modification of the diabetes care plan, intervention behaviour, and additional diabetes care practices were significant differences between groups. The home-based nursing intervention program was effective in increasing the frequency of diabetes management and taking responsibility for managing diabetes at home.

Avicularin is a bioactive flavonoid that mainly found in blueberries, American cranberries, apples, and tea. Avicularin isolated from various plants including, Polygonum aviculare, Rhododendron aureum, and Taxillus kaempferi. Various preclinical studies already demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant activity and neuroprotective action of avicularin. Furthermore, avicularin is a promising phytoconstituent with wide range of therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases. Hence, a toxicity study is urgently needed so that the appropriate dose can be used in animal studies to demonstrate its potential effect. The main aim of this research article is to find out maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and to observe if there’s any sign of toxicity in avicularin administered animals. Acute toxicity study was conducted as per OECD guideline (TG 423), a single dose of 300, 2000, 5000 mg/kg was given and the study was carried out for 14 days. In acute toxicity study, animals did not show any mortality or changes in behavioural pattern. Hence, it was concluded that, the maximum tolerated dose of avicularin is more than 5000 mg/kg. In a repeated-dose toxicity study, we have followed OECD guideline (TG 407) and rats were treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days. In Repeated toxicity study, animal showed no differences in hematologic and biochemical parameters. Histopathologic examination of all organs revealed normal histology. Hence, we can conclude from the findings that repeated avicularin exposure at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg was determined to be safe in a 28-day toxicity study.

Vitamin D (VD) is an important nutrient for the human body because it is associated with many diseases. There were many health problems in which vitamin D deficiency had a role, the most important of which are rickets in infants and cardiovascular diseases, especially in areas where there is less awareness of the risks of vitamin D deficiency. Unfortunately, there is very little research on this topic in Saudi Arabia. Vitamin D deficiency and awareness of the importance of vitamin D among the population has not been investigated and evaluated at a level that could make the importance of vitamin D and the effects of its deficiency on health a clear phenomenon for everyone and they are aware of it. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess and identify the participants' awareness of the VD importance and the risks of its deficiency on general health of the population in the Jazan region. The results showed that 90% of the participants have awareness and knowledge of the VD importance, 67% do not know whether they suffer from a deficiency or not, 74% reported that VD deficiency causes osteoporosis, 52% reported that the reason for the high level of VD in the body is the intake of nutritional supplements, and 68% reported that increasing its level in the body leads to toxicity and excessive increase. This study concluded that VD deficiency is considered a silent epidemic and a major health problem for the residents of southern region in particular, and the rest of cities of Saudi Arabia in general.

Physical activity in general improves metabolic processes by stimulating muscles to contract actively, improving blood circulation, and supplying oxygen. On the other hand, it will create stressful conditions, which will increase cell damage and inflammatory responses in the liver. This study aimed to determine the effect of forest bee honey supplementation on the expression of HIF-1α, SOD, and TNF-α in rats that underwent the forced swimming test (FST) as a physical stress model. The physical activity conducted is at risk of disrupting to several organs due to the stress it causes in addition to the obtained health benefits. A total of 24 adult female rats were divided into four groups: Control (C) with FST only, (T1) FST and honey 2 g/day, (T2) FST and honey 4 g/day, (T3) FST and honey 6 g/day. A forced swimming test was conducted for five minutes per day for 14 days. The collected liver organs were histopathologically prepared by immunohistochemical staining for HIF-1α, SOD, and TNF-α proteins. The results showed that hepatic HIF-1α and TNF-α expression decreased in the honey-supplemented group, while hepatic SOD expression increased, although all three showed insignificant differences from each other. This study concludes that honey supplementation is incapable of increasing the expression of SOD as well as reducing the expression of HIF-1α and TNF-α in the liver of rats modelled by physical stress.

The third-generation cephalosporins have been very widely used in Indonesia, raising concerns about the increase of infections caused by multidrug resistance organisms, in particular the extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-pE). Dr. Kariadi Hospital (DKH), Semarang, Indonesia, implemented the policy of ceftriaxone restriction since November 2018. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by ESBL-pE during 2018 -2019, the origin of the ESBL-pE strains, the risk factors of developing ESBL-pE UTI, and the antibiotic options for ESBL-pE UTI paediatric patients.

Methods:

 A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed by collecting data from microbiology laboratory and medical records of paediatric patients hospitalized with UTI in DKH, from January 2018 to December 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square or Fisher-exact test.

UTI was microbiologically confirmed in 318. Enterobacteriacea caused UTI in 86 (59%) patients, of these 56.4% (in 2018) dan 62.9 (in 2019) were ESBL-pE strains.  E. coli and K. pneumoniae were the most common etiology of UTI. ESBL-pE was isolated from 42% UTI patients from the community and from 76% UTI patients referred from other hospitals (p <0.01). Most strains were susceptible to amikacin, meropenem, and fosfomycin with a tendency of lower susceptibility in 2019 than in 2018 (p>0.05)

The UTI incidence caused by ESBL-pE in DKH was high. Patients referred from other hospitals were important source of ESBL-pE UTI, underlining the urgency to perform surveillance and to implement the infection control and prevention measures in addition to the antibiotic stewardship program.

Severe malnutrition might contribute the poor outcomes in COVID-19. This study aims to investigate the relationship between prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and mortality in children with COVID-19 infection and its predictive value for predicting poor prognosis. A case control study using medical records of paediatric patients with COVID-19 was conducted from June 2020-July 2022. Subjects were divided into two groups: non-survived and survived. PNI value were calculated as 10 x serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 x total lymphocyte count (/mm3). PNI was compared with nutritional status and several markers that have been used in COVID-19, including (1) neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), (2) systemic immune inflammation index (SII), and (3) platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Among 124 eligible subjects, 34 (27.41%) were in the non-survived group and 90 (72.58%) children in the survived group. Children with severe malnutrition had lower albumin and a greater risk of death than those with good nutrition. PNI, NLR, and SII were significantly correlated with the mortality children with COVID-19 except for PLR; P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.021, and P = 0.118, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curves stated that PNI (AUC = 0.741, P < 0.0001). The cut-off values of PNI were 41.975 with sensitivities of 73.5% and specificities of 73.3%. PNI value <41.975 had a 7.64 times greater risk of mortality (P < 0.0001). PNI might be used as predictive value for predicting poor outcome in children with COVID-19 infection.

Pulpitis, or pulp inflammation, is a type of dental disease that is commonly associated with tooth pain symptoms. The immune reaction, characterized by TNF- α biomarkers and leukocyte cells, plays a part in the prevalence of pulpitis. (PMN). The latest innovation in dentistry is nanochitosane, which is derived from red snapper scales and includes calcium and chitin. The nanochitosane found in red snapper fish scales (Lutjanus Sp.) has been shown to decrease tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and pain levels. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were splitted into four groups. Healthy rodents comprised group 1. Rats were used in Group II as a reversible pulpitis model with no material change. Rats were used in Group III as a pulpitis model with calcium hydroxide addition. Group IV included rodents as model pulpitis with red snapper fish scale nanochitosane addition. The inclusion of chitosan therapy reduced leukocyte cells, TNF- levels, and pain significantly in group IV compared to group II without therapy and group III with calcium hydroxide treatment. The results of this study showed that redfish scale nanochitosane can decrease inflammation by lowering TNF- and pain levels.

Aging causes physiological function to decrease as a result of the aging process. Osteoarthritis is common in the elderly causing chronic pain conditions. The purpose of this study is to explain the context of nursing interventions in the sleeping culture on the sand in reducing osteoarthritis pain. The method uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. Data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The selection of participants in this study used a snowball sampling technique, with elderly key informants, leaders, nurses, and the community so that the total number of informants was 21 participants. Data analysis used Sandelowki's qualitative content analysis approach. The result is the cultural intervention of sleeping on the sand based on three nursing actions; namely, preserving the sleeping culture on the sand, accommodation, and negotiating the sleeping culture on the sand with an artefact in the form of a box that is wide enough, ceramic with a depth of 30 cm so that it can immerse its body in the sand. The new pattern according to local culture where the container is placed on the bed, informants feel more comfortable, and provides physiological benefits in reducing osteoarthritis pain. It can be concluded that providing the nursing interventions for sleeping culture on the sand with a sleeping position on the lower extremities inserted into the sand will provide a function as a support for the knee which is expected to reduce complaints of pain, joint stability, and limited movement in osteoarthritis.

A chemotherapeutic agent known as the etoposide is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Over the years, the etoposide usage in treating ALL has yielded positive outcomes. Nevertheless, it has been discovered that a number of ALL patients experience side-effects and are susceptible to cancer cells. Accordingly, drug research for improved chemotherapy becomes necessary. The results of numerous investigations using compounds containing organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate were encouraging. The objective of this study is to examine the genotoxicity effects on Jurkat E6.1 cells, derivatives of the aforementioned substances were chosen for this investigation. The assessment of cell cycle arrest and genotoxic effects on Jurkat E6.1 cell lines was accomplished using the substances triphenyltin (IV) diisopropyldithiocarbamate (C1) and triphenyltin (IV) dialkyldithiocarbamate (C2). The cell cycle arrest was established using cell cycle analysis. The average DNA tail moment score was used to calculate the genotoxic effects of DNA damage. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) was used to conduct both analyses. C1 has an IC50 of 0.1 M, while C2 has an IC50 of 0.2 M. On the other hand, the etoposide, which served as a positive control, has an IC50 of 0.87 M. The research findings demonstrated that after four hours of treatment, both triphenyltin (IV) dithiocarbamate and etoposide compounds prompted cell cycle arrest, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the S phase. Following a four-hour etoposide treatment, the findings of genotoxicity assessment revealed substantial DNA damage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the C1 and C2 treatments revealed a similar level of DNA damage. However, when a statistical analysis of the comet assay results was accomplished, no discernible change (p > 0.05) was observed. In summary, DNA damage and cell cycle trapping were caused by etoposide, C1, and C2 in Jurkat E6.1 cells.

By the importance of dealing with metabolic syndrome (MetS), this work was performed to systematically review available articles on effects of stevia on hypertension as a leading risk factor of metabolic syndrome. The stevia extracts are natural resource of non-caloric sweeteners and they attracted attentions of researchers especially in recent years for dealing with the issues of metabolic syndrome. To this aim, stevia effects on hypertension were reviewed based on the obtained results of original research publications of the following electronic databases: Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, from 2010 to June 2022. The following search strategy was used: (stevia OR stevia rebaudiana OR sweet leaf OR stevioside) AND (hypertension OR blood pressure). Six articles were eligible to be included in this review; three in vivo studies, one in vivo/in vitro study, and two clinical trials. Based on the results of in vivo studies, positive effects of stevia on lowering blood pressure were found besides observing an enzymatic inhibition activity through the in vitro results. The results of one of clinical trials reported a significant reduction in blood pressure after twelve weeks of stevia consumption, but the other one did not report any significant effect. Although the relatively low methodological rigor of these experiments limits the strength of these findings, further clinical trials and regulatory assessments are warranted.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the features of vitamin B3 (Vit-B3) in oil and water environments. Two up and down structural conformations were found based on the orientation of hydrogen atom of attached carboxylic acid group to pyridine scaffold, in which the up-conformation was found more suitable than the down-conformation. The models were stabilized in gas phases and 1-octanol and water solvents environments to explore the partition coefficient (LogP) for each conformation. In addition, the electronic features were investigated based on frontier molecular orbital levels. The results of this work indicated a higher suitability of formation for the up-conformation in all three environments and the highest suitability of formation of both up and down conformations in water medium. Accordingly, the LogP value was found smaller than one indicating watery tendency for the models. As a final remark, the structural and electronic features of Vit-B3 indicated insights into its development for further applications.

The Biginelli class of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone (DHPM) or its thione (DHPMT) derivatives can act as an exciting pharmacophoric moiety, which in turn has attracted the extensive attention of medicinal chemists in the last few decades. Similarly, imidazolidin-4-one also occupies an inevitable place in drug discovery chemistry. Despite numerous diverse pharmacologic effects ascribed to these two derivatives together being reported, there are few reports on the antioxidant evaluation of the Biginelli class of pyrimidinone derivatives annexed to imidazolidinone by an amide bond. In this study, the synthesis of 20 novel 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones with imidazolidin-4-one derivatives is described. The physical characteristics of the synthesized 3,4-DHPM and DHPMT derivatives were determined and analytically characterized by various spectral tools like FT-IR, Lc-Ms/Ms, and proton and carbon NMR. The scavenging radical potential for the synthesized 20 novel Biginelli derivatives was assessed using the DPPH assay. The results indicated that all the tested compounds had good to excellent antioxidant potency in comparison to the standard drug ascorbic acid. The synthesized compounds 1, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 showed a good degree of scavenging potency. Interestingly, remarkable activity was observed with compounds 16, 17, and 19. The present study reveals that not only the compounds with an OH group can exhibit a high degree of scavenging potency, but other groups like -OCH3, –CH3, and -Cl can also exhibit activity effectively. In addition, the radical scavenging potential for the studied compounds could be due to either the presence of more than one labile hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen atom or the conjugated system, i.e. the 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone ring attached to an amide linkage, present in these compounds, which would have further sponsored the compound to get stabilized when these compounds become radicals by donating an electron to ROS.

The symptom of lymphadenopathy can describe several disorders, including tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis. The suspicious gland will undergo supportive investigations to confirm the diagnosis in patients with suspected TB lymphadenitis. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) is a minimally invasive treatment frequently used to collect samples from individuals with lymphadenopathy. With these specimens, Xpert MTB/RIF detects DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in addition to the cytological evaluation, which examines tissue reactions on the host. This study will evaluate the discrepancies between microscopic descriptions of FNAB and Xpert MTB/RIF investigation result. The patients with lymphadenopathy who underwent Xpert MTB/RIF examination and FNAB cytology at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia, between September 2021 and September 2022, are the subjects of this retrospective analytical observational study. The scoring system is based on FNAB microscopic descriptions and the Xpert MTB/RIF nominal data. The Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and McNemar tests were used to analyze both. The results of the Xpert MTB/RIF and the FNAB were not significantly different according to the McNemar test (p=0.118; p

The current investigation examined the potential antibacterial and antihyperlipidemic properties of ethanolic extract derived from the leaves of Garcinia atroviridis (EGA). The phytochemical contents of EGA were analysed through Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum (GCMS). The antioxidant properties of EGA were carried using DPPH, reducing power, and radical OH scavenging methods, whereas antibacterial activity of EGA was conducted against 4 pathogenic bacteria using agar diffusion method. To test antihyperlipidemic action, High Fat Diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidaemic rats were given EGA at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg orally for five weeks. Body weight changes, liver weight, serum lipid profile, and liver histology were assessed. The EGA contains phenols and flavonoids by 23.53±0.27 mg GAE/g and 20.48±0.39 mg QE/g, respectively. Around 15 compounds were identified where hexanoic acid (30.55%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (27.51%), and octadecanoic acid (15.49%) were compounds with the largest number. The EGA has antioxidant activity significantly different with ascorbic acid increasing %DPPH scavenging, %OH scavenging, and reducing power scavenging. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was obtained at a concentration 10% with a clear zone diameter, while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was obtained at different concentrations. This investigation was founded that EGA decreased biochemicals levels and causes liver tissue changes. Our studies demonstrate the EGA is antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihyperlipidemic.

The antiviral remdesivir has the potential to cause drug-induced liver injury in Covid-19 patients as seen in increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is a cytoplasmic liver enzyme and can increase in acute liver injury, so it has been proposed as an alternative biomarker in liver injury. This study aimed to analyze the differences in serum SDH levels and other liver enzymes before and after 5 days of remdesivir therapy in Covid-19 patients. This was a prospective observational cohort conducted at RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, East Java between September and November 2022. The samples included in this study were selected consecutively. The venous blood sample were collected twice from each patient of 34 Covid-19 patients with positive real-time polymerase, namely on the first day of admission before receiving remdesivir therapy and after the fifth day of remdesivir therapy. Venous blood samples are then processed to obtain serum which will be used to measure SDH levels using the sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and liver enzyme with Alinity-c analyzer. There were 34 subjects, 18 males and 16 females with median ages 56 years old. The median of serum SDH before and after 5 days therapy, respectively, was 0.75 U/L (SD=1.88) and 0.85 U/L (SD=1.32). The median difference of AST, ALT, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamil transferase (GGT), respectively, were -3.75 mg/dL, -2 mg/dL, 0.045 mg/dL, 0.05 mg/dL, -3.5 mg/dL, and -1 mg/dL.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune hair loss condition influenced by factors like thyroid dysfunction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the thyroid biomarkers level in patients with alopecia areata compared to healthy control cases. The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out in Erbil Dermatology Teaching Center in Erbil City, Kurdistan region-Iraq during six months from the 1st of January to the 30th of June, 2022. A total of 100 patients with alopecia areata and 100 healthy individuals as controls were included in the study. Data on patients' characteristics, clinical features, and thyroid profiles were collected through questionnaires and blood samples. The samples were analysed using specific laboratory techniques, and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Statistical tests, including chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, t-tests, and ANOVA, were used to examine relationships and significant differences between variables. A significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean thyroid stimulating hormone was significantly higher among alopecia areata patients as compared to controls (p=0.02). Mean thyroxin hormone was significantly higher among alopecia areata patients as compared to controls. There was a significant association between positive Anti-thyroid peroxidase and alopecia areata (p=0.05). A significant association was observed between positive antithyroglobulin antibody and alopecia areata (p=0.004). This study also identified factors such as social deprivation, urbanization, occupation, and underweight as potential contributors to alopecia areata. These findings highlight the significant role of thyroid dysfunction in the development of alopecia areata.

This article aims to study clinical features of the courses of different types of CTS to improve diagnostics and substantiate tactics of treatment. An analysis of a total of 172 patients (comprising 242 extremities) was conducted displaying clinical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). These patients were examined and treated at the SI "ITO NAMS of Ukraine". All individuals were grouped together for the purpose of our study. This article analyzes the results of examining 172 patients with clinical signs of carpal tunnel syndrome of different types: idiopathic, posttraumatic, and the one associated with orthopedic pathology, specifies clinical features in the progression of posttraumatic carpal tunnel syndrome, and the one on the background of an orthopedic pathology, additional methods of medical imaging to confirm a median nerve neuropathy in the carpal canal, objectivize its severity, and establishes the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome, essential to decide on further treatment tactics. The recognized clinical characteristics present an opportunity to support the selection of an additional diagnostic procedure to validate the presence of compression-ischemic neuropathy in the median nerve, ascertain its severity, and identify the underlying causes.

An excessive amount of formalin exposure might result in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the body, which lowers the body's ability to regulate the gonadotropin hormone and prevents ovulation from happening. The purpose of this work is to clarify how exposure to formalin alters the levels of GnRH, LHR, estradiol, and antral follicle growth in the ovaries of female mice (Mus musculus). This experimental research used a posttest only control group design. The research sample was 30 mice (Mus musculus). The samples were randomly allocated into three groups. Group 1 (K0) as control group without formalin administration, Group 2 (P1) as treatment 1, which was given formalin at a dose of 140 mg/kg body weight given in 0.1 ml/10 g body weight/day for 12 days, and Group 3 (P2) as tretment 2, which was given formalin at a dose of 210 mg/kg body weight given in 0.1 ml/10 g body weight/day for 12 days. Each group assessed GnRH levels using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, examined LHR expression and estradiol expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and counted the number of antral follicles using hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The results of the statistical tests demonstrated a decrease in GnRH levels (p=0.001), a decrease in LHR expression (p=0.001), a decrease in Estradiol expression (0.001), and a reduction in the total number of antral follicles, specifically tertiary and de Graaf follicles (p=0.001). The findings demonstrate that female rats exposed to formalin have lower levels of GnRH, LHR, and antral ovarian follicles.

Obesity is a growing chronic health issue all around the globe. It has a serious number of complications. It has shown through several observational and clinical trials its association with periodontal disease. Both chronic illnesses have a bidirectional relationship.

A case control study involved 208 patients in total, 104 individuals in each group. Periodontal examination was done for both groups. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and neck circumference (NC) was measured by a dietician. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used to compare between the two groups. A multiple regression analysis was done to assess the relationship between multiple factors.

The case group included obese subjects with BMI ≥ 30. The control group BMI index was ≤ 24. There was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to the oral hygiene measures. However, significant difference was noticed regarding periodontal parameters such as Higher Pocket depth (PD) and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) in the obese groups with a p-value of 0.001. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relation between periodontal disease and the following factors; male gender, increasing in BMI, NC, and WC.

There is a relationship between obesity and periodontal disease. The higher level of BMI, WC, and NC was associated with increased prevalence of periodontal disease. Therefore, obesity is considered a high risk for periodontal disease. More awareness and education are needed among obese subjects.

Lycium shawii is considered a thorny perennial and wild plant. Bramble usually grows in dry and hot lands because this plant lives on moisture. The height of the plant reaches one and a half meters, sometimes up to two meters, and is considered as a deciduous shrub whose leaves fall off during the months of July and August, and sometimes it continues until September in two types, L.edgworthii and L.dasystemum, while in the rest of the other species, it continues until December and may continue until February. Using the GC-MS technology has emerged many active compounds for Lycium shawii from these compounds are Butyn-1-ol, Carbonic acid, dimethyl ester, Carbonic acid, dimethyl ester, Ethene, methox, Diazene, dimethyl, Diadimethyl, Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester, -(ethenylthio), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Phytol  methyl stearate  methyl ester, Heptadecanoic acid, and 16-methyl and another compounds .The results showed an evaluation of the antioxidant activity of extracts (roots, leaves, and stems) of Lycium shawii plant. For the aqueous and alcoholic extract using DPPH, the aqueous extract of leaves is the best antioxidant than other extracts.

Micropenis is a condition where the penis is smaller than average, causing psychological distress and affecting sexual function. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of androgen therapy on gonadal response and penis growth in children with micropenis. This was a retrospective and prospective study including a sample of 30 children in the age range of 9-13 years old with micropenis from March 2019 to December 2022 in Erbil, Iraq. Informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of the children. Demographic information, drug dosage, testosterone level, and penis length were collected and recorded before and after the therapeutic intervention. All participants received a therapeutic regimen involving Sustanon 250 mg/1ml injections. In this study, the age of the patients participating in the study was between 9 and13 with an average (standard deviation) of 11.176 ± 0.567 years old. The number of treatment doses varied, with 16.7% receiving one dose, 33.3% receiving two doses, and 50% receiving three doses. Testosterone levels significantly increased from a mean of 0.024 ± 0.007 ng/dl before the intervention to 0.883 ± 0.318 ng/dl after (p ≤ 0.001). In addition, penile length significantly increased from a mean of 16.983 ± 1.923 mm before the intervention to 36.7 ± 3.485 mm after (p ≤ 0.001).Conclusion; Androgen can be useful in the treatment of micropenis because the results showed that it increased both the testosterone level and the penis length.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of Sacubitril/Valsartan (S/V) on hemodynamic indices and heart remodeling events in rats with DOCA-salt arterial hypertension (AH). Experiments were performed on Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into the four groups: (I) Control (C) group, (II) DOCA-salt group, (III) S/V + DOCA -salt as drinking water, and (IV) S/V after development of DOCA-salt hypertension. Heart beat (HB)/min and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP, mmHg) were obtained by tail-cuff method in the morning hours. The level of ET-1, IL-1, TNF-alpha, and NF-kB transcription factor were measured in the blood plasma of rats by ELISA kits method. Morphometric and histomorphological changes in heart and aorta were analyzed in the tissue sections using electronical microscope. In the second group of animals, the mean values of SBP – 153,6 ± 5,4 mmHg, DBP – 67,9 ± 2,8 mmHg, and HB – 394 ± 12/min were significantly increased in comparison with C group of animals (123,0 ± 5,2 mmHg (p<0,001), 55,6 ± 3,0 mmHg (p<0,05), and 361 ± 24/min (p<0,001), respectively). Such alterations in cardiovascular parameters correlated with marked increase in DOCA-salt group blood plasma levels of ET-1, IL-1, TNF-alpha, and NF-kB vs. C animals. S/V treatment significantly reduced SBP, DBP, and HB (-30,2 ± 4 mmHg, (p<0,001), -11,4 ± 2,2 mmHg (p<0,05), and -33 ± 12/min, p<0,002, respectively) in hypertensive rats (HR) associated with marked decrease in blood levels of ET-1 (56,9%, p<0,01), IL-1 (67,3%, p<0,001), TNF-alpha (75,1%, p<0,001), and NF-kB (59,2%, p<0,001), with significant improvement of morphological changes of the heart in this group of animals. It is suggested that S/V in hypertensive state exerts a positive effect on hemodynamic parameters, providing reverse action on heart remodeling and can be considered as a valuable drug for the AH treatment and prevention of structural changes in target organs.

The prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle is increasing, which can lead to overweight and subsequently obesity, potentially triggering metabolic diseases. The objective of this study is to analyse the HIIE impact on serum leptin levels in sedentary overweight adult women. Twenty-four adult women with a BMI falling within the overweight category (23-24.9 kg/m2) were selected as subjects of this study. They were randomly divided into two groups: the control and the HIIE group. The HIIE group underwent static cycling, and the session lasted a total of 25 minutes which consisted of a 3-minute warm-up, 20 minutes of core exercise, and a 2-minute cool-down. The core exercise of the HIIE protocol followed a 1:1 ratio, involving 10 sets of high intensity cycling (80-90% of HRmax) for 60 seconds, alternated with low intensity cycling at a lower speed of 40 rpm without load. Blood samples for serum leptin measurement were collected before (pre-data) and 1 hour after the completion of the HIIE session (post-data). The post-data leptin levels (ng/mL) in both the control and HIIE groups showed a significant decrease compared to the pre-data levels (p<0.05; Cpre=74.521±16.658 vs. Cpost=68.178±19.367; HIIEpre=57.749±19.327 vs. HIIEpost=48.010±17.508). Based on these results, the study concludes that HIIE led to a greater reduction in serum leptin levels. From a physiological perspective, leptin is essential for appetite suppression. In overweight individuals, leptin levels tend to increase. However, due to the occurrence of leptin resistance, its ability to reduce appetite is compromised. Therefore, further research is needed to investigate leptin sensitivity.

Implementation of discharge planning was found to be unsystematic and structured in stroke patients, resulting in gaps in knowledge transfer and knowledge between nurses, patients, and families regarding discharge planning directives. Discharge planning based on the Knowledge management SECI model is expected to overcome information and knowledge gaps in stroke patients. This study aims to analyze the influence of nurse factors, family factors, patient factors, and organizational factors on the SECI Model knowledge management-based discharge planning in Jombang Regency, Indonesia.Design and This research was conducted with a cross-sectional analytic study design. A sample of 133 stroke unit nurses at Jombang District Hospital, Ploso Hospital, and Jombang Hospital, was then analyzed and interpreted to test the model with SEM-PLS. Nurse factors influence discharge planning (t-statistic 2.484 > 1.96 and p-value 0.014 <0.05). Patient factors influence knowledge management (t-statistic 2.582 > 1.96 and p-value 0.011 <0.05). Family factors influence knowledge management and discharge planning (t-statistic 21.207 > 1.96 and p-value 0.000 <0.05). Organizational factors influence knowledge management and discharge planning (t-statistic 2.504 > 1.96 and p-value 0.013 <0.05). Knowledge management influences discharge planning (t-statistic 6.618 > 1.96 and p-value 0.000 <0.05). The research findings prove that nurse factors, patient factors, family factors, and organizational factors influence discharge planning based on the SECI knowledge management model.