فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق بشر اسلامی
پیاپی 27 (زمستان 1401)

Targeting and assassinating individuals is one of the actions that deprives people of the right to life and has caused much criticism in the international community, This action is contrary to the commitment to respect and guarantee fundamental human rights, including the right to life. As well as the basic rules of humanitarian law, it is known that the right to life and the prohibition of its deprivation are accepted in Islam and international human rights instruments, such criminal acts in the assassination of an official and government official of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been a complete and obvious example of state terrorism, organized terrorism and a clear violation of human rights and international law contrary to the UN Charter and other documents of internationally accepted principles and rules. The pretext for the assassination of Martyr Fakhrizadeh is premeditated murder, which is not in line with the principles of human rights and humanitarian law, it has enunciated in Art.3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Art.6 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. it is an international rule that was violated in the assassination of Dr. Fakhrizadeh. Since the assassination of Martyr Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, as a military and nuclear figure, has become one of the most important international legal issues in the world and the region. Accordingly, the present article seeks to examine the issue of targeted assassination from the perspective of international human rights, especially the rule of the right to life andPersonal security.

Human rights or fundamental human rights are among the new categories, which have received the attention and welcome of various nations, cultures and religions with the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In Iran, with the view of Shiite Islam, various views have been formed, among which, the view of modern religious thinkers such as Mehdi Bazargan, Abdul Karim Soroush and Mujtahad Shabestri can be criticized and analyzed due to their specificity. In this regard, this article, using the approach of critical analysis, aims to answer the following two questions: First, what is the relationship between intellectuals in the field of modern religious thought and the idea of human rights? In other words, what is the importance and status of human rights for this group of religious intellectuals? And secondly, what is the interpretation of the concepts of human rights by the intellectuals of modern religious thought and how do they use them in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results and findings indicate that the intellectuals of modern religious thinking, due to their modernist view of human rights, without addressing all the angles of "the relationship between Islam and human rights" or "determining the task of human rights from the point of view of Islam", by criticizing Islamic human rights and interpretations Deviating from it, they believe that Muslims should accept Western-style human rights; Because according to them, it is more real, more practical and has a global scope.

Cyber espionage is one of the crimes that is carried out through information technology and with illegal and targeted manipulation and exploitation of information, especially theft and unauthorized access to vital information, which is mainly collected to commit terrorist crimes in the future, unauthorized and unauthorized access The data law, which is aimed at cyber espionage and in the future due to rapid environmental and technological developments for the occurrence of terrorist crimes, has received the attention of criminal justice institutions and human rights documents, since technological developments, especially in the fields of security-police and criminology makes dealing with the future inevitable and the increasing developments of the present era, caused by the amazing transformations in the field of technology and the accelerated process of globalization, make it necessary to pay attention to the future and manage technological developments in the relevant fields by applying concepts makes future research possible. The results of the research show that it is necessary for the judiciary, law enforcement and international organizations to deal with cyber espionage to prevent terrorist crimes, in addition to technical-legal measures, with the application of futuristic concepts to monitor and identify the main elements of infiltration and displacement. illegal information through information technologies and play a role in preventing the occurrence of terrorist crimes caused by cyber crimes.

Human Rights impose obligations on member states of the International Community. Violation of these obligations will result in the realization of the International Responsibility of the state and the imposition of legal remedies. The practice of powerful states has sometimes been that Regime Change can be one of these remedies. This leads to the primacy of political interests over legal obligatios. The present article, using a descriptive-analytical method, evalutes the regime change in the U.S. Proposal for Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI) in the light of International Human Rights Law and answers the question: How compatible is regime change in the U.S. proposal for GMEI with International Human Rights Law? The purpose of this study is to separate the justifications for political interest from the real human rights concerns. The article concludes that regime change has no legitimacy in the light of the requirements of international law including international human rights law and so the U.S. GMEI violates these requirement and rights.Key Words: United States, Regime Change, State Sovereignty, Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI), International Human Rights Law.

In order to survive, mankind must live and cooperate with each other in communities. This need and capacity for cooperation creates questions about how to organize the relations of society members."Justice" as one of the most fundamental concepts in the Islamic school of thought and current human rights plays a decisive role in this field. Religion has always played a powerful role in shaping the ideas of social justice, repression and liberation, which can be used as two sides of the same coin, both as a means of abuse and to promote social justice as a moral obligation. This article aims to present a general map of the methods of understanding justice in the field of Islam and modern human rights by using the descriptive-analytical method and library and internet resources. An issue that has become one of the important challenges between Islamic law and contemporary human rights is the differences that result from the concept of justice in the interpretation of Islam and human rights. The results of this research show that monotheistic religions, especially Islam, have contributed significantly to the development of more just and humane societies than any other thought. Therefore, it seems that trying to inspire human rights documents from Islamic teachings is not far-fetched. If human rights thinkers find the complete model of human rights in the writings of Islamic thinkers, away from any unilateralism, the seeds of developing human rights, more developed and humane than in the past, will gradually begin to grow.

Today, the science and knowledge production and exchange have encompassed national and international borders. But developed and powerful countries discriminate against developing countries and create inequality in the field of science, which is called scientific apartheid, has become a very important for many countries and common issue for countries as well as in the international community. This discrimination is deeper for some countries for various reasons. Islamic republic of Iran is one of the countries that have faced this phenomenon over the past few decades. This has also created many problems in the domestic field as well as problems in the field of international scientific competitions and achieving scientific status and prevents from the advancement of global knowledge and exchanges information in the global village. Given the importance of this issue, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to answer the questions that Islamic republic of Iran has so far taken against scientific apartheid and discrimination in this area and what legal strategies can be taken against Take this situation? Findings show that in Islamic republic of Iran, no specific legal action and strategy has been adopted in this regard. However, scientific apartheid can be prosecuted internationally, followed up by international legal and penal institutions, binding international legal laws, and reciprocal action to eliminate scientific apartheid.