Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research
Volume:3 Issue: 3, Jul 2020

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. A sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, biochemistry can be divided in three fields; structural biology, enzymology and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has through these three disciplines become successful at explaining living processes. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed by biochemical methodology and research. Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissues, organs, and organism structure and function. Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena. Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. Metabolism is the mechanisms by which cells harness energy via chemical reactions. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of diseases. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health wellness and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.

In this study we investigated the chemical constituents, phytochemical screening of the essential oil from H. sabdariffa (L) Seeds, (Sudanese Karkadi) and evaluated its potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities, using Soxhlet method to extract the essential oil. The chemical constituents of H. Sabdariffa (L) Oil were identified and quantified by GC-MS, where DPPH and paper, disc diffusion assay were employed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities respectively. Phytochemical screening showed that Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Triterpens, Streols, Tannins and phenolic compounds are present in seeds of the H. Sabdariffa. Thirty eight components have been identified which classified in to four categories; 31 fatty acid ester derivatives , the majority of them are; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (16.94%), 9,12- Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) -, methyl ester (21.93%), 9, -Octadecadienoic acid (Z), methyl ester (30.11%), methyl stearate(7.39%), Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid (3.17 %), Dotriacontane(2.17 %), two phenolic derivatives; 1,3-Benzodioxole,4methoxy-6-(2-propenyl)- (0.01 %) and Apiol (0.04 %), two steroidal derivatives; 17 -Androstannone, 3-(3, 4-dimethylphenyl) (1.81%) and Stigmasta-4,7,22-trien-3.beta.-ol (0.41%) and three Pentacyclic triterpenes derivatives; Beta.-Amyrin (3.82%) (3.17 %), Alpha.-Amyrin (1.65 %) Urs-12-en-3-ol, acetate,(3.beta.) (1.17%). The DPPH assay, showed moderate antioxidant potential (50 ± 0.01 compared with standard 89 ± 0.01; the antibacterial showed high inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis (13mm). In conclusion, the study showed that the Oil of H. sabdariffa seed is a good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolic compounds, also is a potential source of natural antibacterial, and justify its uses in folkloric medicines.

Recent investigation presents exciting, simple and manual procedures to separate and detect different salt radicals of both cations and anions qualitatively and quantitatively. Salt defined as a chemical compound which produce from the reaction of acid with base. So, Acid definition, it is a chemical compound that contains reactable hydrogen (meaning that any positive ion or metal can replace all or part of it) reacts with oxides or hydroxides and gives salt and water. Furthermore, the base is defined as a substance that reacts with acids to produce salt and water only. Basic radicals (Cations) is often a metal, which is the part of the salt shared by the base or alkali in its formation. Basic radicals carry positive charges when ionized and separated from the original salt in water and are called cations and are attracted to the cathode. Acid radicals (Anions) is the part of the salt that is already in the acid from which it is derived or is the part of the salt that the acid shares. Acid radical carries negative charges when ionized and separated from the original salt in water and are called anions and are attracted to the anode. Descriptive analysis is complete when it verifies the presence of basic and acidic radicals in the material to be examined, and often suffices without specifying the truth of the salts formed.

As the flowers and leaves of vicia faba contain high levels of levodopa used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, its use in alternative medicine is becoming more and more common. In general, the flowers and leaves of vicia faba are consumed as a tea. Besides some trace elements, they show a significant role in human nutrition and may pose a risk to human health at high levels. However, there is not much literature on chemical analysis of flowers and leaves of vicia faba. Their element content has not been studied yet. ICP-MS has been used to determine the trace elements contents of the vicia faba flowers and leaves. Mineral distribution ranging from the trace to the main elements for this plant samples were dried, weighed, digested, and analyzed by ICP MS. Thirteen element contents of flowers and leaves have been analyzed. Potassium, calcium and magnesium have been found at high concentrations in flowers and leaves. Among trace metals, iron had the highest concentration, followed by Zinc, Aluminum, Manganese, Chromium, Cupper, Nickel, Lead and Cadmium. The analysis showed that the toxic Cadmium element is in a low concentration and was within the limit allowed by the World Health Organization.

The effects of four host plants, broad bean, cabbage, clover and tomato as foods for Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on certain biological aspects of the insect were studied under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C and ≈70% R.H). The results and statistical analysis showed that all of the biological parameters included in the study were affected by the host plants whereas the shortest larval duration (13.2 ± 0.577 days) was recorded for larvae fed on cabbage and the longer (23.3 ± 0.76 days) resulted when larvae fed with tomato. The pupation percentages on tomato leaves were lowest (58.2 ± 1.79 %) and highest pupation was (86.7 ± 1.36 %) when larvae fed on cabbage leaves. Moreover, adult emergence percentages were (80 ± 0.38 %) in tomato and (98 ± 1.36 %) on cabbage. The numbers of eggs oviposited by female S. littoralis were highest on cabbage, followed by those on the broad bean, clover, and lowest on tomato. Based on the nutritional values of testing host plants proved to be effective in reduced development and reproductive capacity of S. littoralis. Also, results proved that cabbage leaves most favorable host for S. littoralis larvae followed by broad bean leaves. While tomato and clover leaves were the relative unsuitable due to the differences in the leaf nutritional quality as mentioned during phytochemical analysis and the high level of amino acid in the hemolymph of larvae fed on cabbage and broad bean leaves.

This paper examines the necessity to study of risk management in oil projects. Annually, a number of large-scale projects face operational problems. Risk management can play a significant role in identifying and taking precautionary measures in this regard. Because the projects of the oil and gas industry have many complexities and uncertainties and therefore, investment in these projects is associated with high risk. Today, however, the use of risk assessment methods and techniques has become very common due to advances in hardware and software. The importance of these projects in the Iranian economy and the need for massive investments in the upstream oil and gas sector of the country, it is necessary to identify the evaluation and prioritize the risks of the upstream oil and gas sector. In the implementation of huge projects, the existence of risk is one of their intrinsic and natural features and identifying and evaluating these risks will help project managers to plan better.

The Jujube seed grinding powder (JGP) were incorporated into polyethylene (PE) by weight 5-15 wt% subsequently processed to produce films of 55 micron thickness. The JGP mixed with PE was prepared to make the film by melt mixing at various percentage. The study on photo and biodegradability of polyethylene films were studied under the influence of UV. The studies on mechanical properties were analyzed for JGP-PE. The percentage of biodegradation of JGP-PE on the UV exposed film was monitored for specified hour using standard composting condition as per ASTMD 5338.

The production of industrial wastewater containing synthetic dyes is one of the most important pollutants in the environment. In recent years, sustainable development and generational attention have led researchers to work on ways to reduce environmental degradation and reduce pollution spreads, but as industries become wider and larger, pollution from their activities it threatens the environment more. Colors are an important class of pollutants that can be detected by the human eye. Although valuable water resources should be avoided, different technologies and processes are used to solve this problem. However, among the various methods available for dye removal, surface adsorption has taken a prominent place. Demand for efficient and low-cost methods of adsorption is growing and the importance of low-cost adsorbents for replacement of expensive adsorbents has increased. In this study, the method of chemical activation of almond shell was performed by phosphoric acid activating agent. It was found that the effect of phosphoric acid activating agent on almond shell increased adsorbent surface area and adsorption capacity. Studies have shown that the smaller the almond shell particle size, the higher the contact area of the activating agent and the resulting increase in absorption..

This short paper deals with the coloring phenomenon that occurs in O-bromoaniline from white to very dark. It is found that the very pure compound exhibits a significant resistance towards this phenomenon as stays for a long period without discoloring. Such a result is clearly of great interest to anyone who produces, marketing, or purchases and uses O-bromoaniline on a regular basis. The results show that the conventional methods for purification of solid compound such as recrystallization are not sufficient. It has been found that the fractional distillation under vacuum for this solid material gives a pure compound possesses a resistance against discoloring phenomenon. In particular, the listed purification procedure should allow chemical companies to produce and market a better quality product of O-bromoaniline.

Amaranth grain, a gluten-free grain was milled to flour and differentially sieved to coarse and fine fractions. The whole flour and fractions thereof were analyzed for the nutrient composition, antinutrients, total and bioaccessible minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid profile and functional properties of flours. Results indicated that the fine fraction representing 44% of the whole amaranth flour contained higher protein (19.7%), fat (8.54%), minerals (3.46%) and dietary fibre content (20.09%) as well as a higher overall amino acid profile with lysine as its major essential amino acid. Linoleic acid (44.8%) in fine flour whereas oleic (29.4%) and palmitic acid (29.6%) in coarse flour was the predominant fatty acid found in amaranth flour fractions. Minerals were variedly distributed in analyzed fractions as iron was found majorly in fine flour and calcium in coarse flour. A similar trend in mineral bioaccessibility was observed. The in vitro protein digestibility of amaranth flour samples ranged from 59.8-72.5%. Functional properties revealed that higher values of water and oil absorption capacity were characterized in the coarse fraction, while whole flour showed higher foaming capacity and stability. Thus, differentially sieved flour fractions of amaranth grain showed a wide distribution of nutrients and in particular, the finer fraction was nutrient-dense. It was found to be an excellent source of nutrients and could be incorporated as a functional ingredient in the development of nutrient-rich products.