فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Lichens are symbiotic organisms from the community of a fungal part and an algal part. In this research, after taking samples from Pashmin mountains area of Malekshahi city of Ilam province, using tools such as magnifying glass, gardening shears, masonry pen, saw and some other tools, the samples were prepared for the next steps. To identify lichens, in addition to using different identification keys, chemical tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC) test and histological examination have also been used. In chemical tests, K, C, KC and PD tests have been performed. To investigate the histological structure of lichens, by performing different laboratory steps and using different compounds such as FAA solution, alcohol, combining alcohol with toluene, after fixing the samples in paraffin and molding, cutting the samples using a facial microtome. and after going through some steps, the final stabilization and preparation of images using a microscope has been done. After examining the study area, conducting sampling and various laboratory steps, and also using different identification keys, 27 species from 7 lichen families have been identified and introduced, of which 5 species have been identified for the first time in Ilam province. It has been reported. In these 7 families, Physciaceae, Megasporaceae and Acarasporaceae families have the most abundance in the lichen flora of the study area.

This research was conducted in order to evaluation of the effect of metal nanoparticles on the antioxidant defense system of lavender plant in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments include control, nano zinc oxide, nano iron oxide, nano silver nitrate, nano silver nitrate with nano zinc oxide, nano silver nitrate with nano iron oxide, nano silver nitrate and nano zinc oxide and nano iron oxide with a concentration of 30 ppm. The results of the mean comparison showed that some traits increased and others decreased under the influence of application of metal nanoparticles. Metal nanoparticles led to an increase in the content of soluble protein, gallic acid, flavonoid and rosmarinic acid and according to the results, it was found that the treatment of using iron nanoparticles alone led to the maximum amount of soluble protein and flavonoid. The highest amounts of gallic acid and rosmarinic acid were obtained with the amounts of 2.73 and 21.82 mg.g-1, respectively, in the treatment of simultaneous application of all three nanoparticles of zinc, iron and silver. The application of metal nanoparticles led to a decrease in the amount of some enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, so that the highest amount of ascorbic acid, phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme activity, polyphenyl oxidase, superoxide dismutase and free radical inhibition rate was obtained in the control treatment. Based on these results, it was found that the use of metal nanoparticles with its antioxidant effect and the purification of reactive oxygen species helped the antioxidant defense system of the plant and led to a lower activity of antioxidant enzymes in the lavender plant.

Nowadays, the use of nano-fertilizers is of great importance in order to reduce the losses of nutrients and increase the quantity and quality of medicinal plants is great importance. To investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, zinc and manganese nano-chelates (Zero, 2, 4 and 6 mg/l) on the growth and biochemical indices of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in a completely randomized design with three replications, Located in Gorgan city, it was carried out in 2021, the plants were foliar-sprayed from the four-leaf stage in three stages with a time interval of 10 days, and after two weeks of the last foliar spray, sampling and trait evaluation was done in the flowering stage. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the evaluated traits, so that the highest fresh and dry shoot weight, plant height, total chlorophyll content, iron content and essential oil content in the treatment of 6 mg/l iron nano-chelates and the highest fresh and dry weight of roots and amount of plant zinc were obtained in the treatment of 6 mg/l zinc nano-chelates, also in the treatment of 6 mg/l manganese nano-chelates, the highest content of phenol, flavonoids and manganese was observed. Overall, the results showed that the application of 6 mg/l nano-chelates of iron, zinc and manganese positively increased peppermint's morphological and biochemical traits.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and the type and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield, yield components and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat in 2016-1397 in two temperate regions of Lorestan province. The test factors include drought stress (at three control levels, irrigation until the stage of the appearance of inflorescences and irrigation until the milky-paste stage of the seeds) in the main plots, as well as the factors of the type of nitrogen fertilizer (including urea and ammonium nitrate fertilizers) and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. (at three normal levels based on soil test, 50% higher and 50% lower than normal) were factorially placed in sub-plots. The results showed that the highest plant height was in control and the occurrence of drought stress led to a decrease in plant height. The application of ammonium nitrate caused the internode length to be higher than the factor of urea application). The application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer more than the normal amount caused the highest weight of flag leaf to be obtained at the factor level without drought stress and ammonium nitrate fertilizer at the level of full irrigation factor resulted in the highest level of leaf area index occurrence of drought stress led to a decrease in leaf area index. The number of seeds per plant was also affected by the nitrogen fertilizer application factor and the highest amount was obtained with the use of ammonium nitrate. The seed weight and seed yield in the control factor was higher than the irrigation cut factor and the seed yield in the factor without drought stress was higher than the other two factors and also with the application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer higher than urea fertilizer. Drought stress led to a decrease in biological yield and its amount in the ammonium nitrate factor and in the level of the factor without drought stress by 14908 kg and also reduced the harvest index. The results of this study showed that in the Lorestan region, it is possible to achieve the maximum grain yield in the case of full irrigation of Baharan wheat by applying higher than normal amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Also, to improve seed yield, ammonium nitrate fertilizer can be used instead of urea.

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of Artemisia sieberi extract on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broiler chickens. In this experiment, 240 one-day-old male broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 strain were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications (15 chickens per replication). The experimental treatments, respectively, include 1) control with basic diet (without additives), 2) control diet + 100 mg/kg of the extract, 3) control diet + 200 mg/kg of extract, 4) control diet was + 300 mg/kg of the extract. In the entire rearing period, chickens receiving 300 mg/kg of treated extract had more weight gain and lower conversion coefficient than the control and other treatments (p<0.05). The use of 300 mg/kg of extract increased the percentage of breast and liver of broiler chickens compared to the control. With the increase in the level of the herb extract in the diet, the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood increased. The chickens receiving the diet containing 300 mg/kg of the herb extract had the highest and lowest concentrations of HDL and LDL in the blood, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to use the level of 300 mg/kg of the extract in the diet of broiler chickens to improve growth performance and blood parameters.

Lead is a heavy metal and an environmental pollutant that affects the structure and performance of plants. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of lead on some morphological and anatomical features of Calendula officinalis, as ornamental plants are particularly important in terms of preventing pollutants from entering the food chain. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted with a completely random design and with three repetitions and applying treatments at the stage of 3-4 leaves. The treatments included control, lead with a low concentration of 2 mmol and high concentration of 3.5 mmol of lead. After about a month of plants planting, foliar spraying was done for a month with an interval of three days. The results of the research showed that plant length, root length and leaf length showed a significant difference with the application of lead heavy metal compared to the control. In stress, the leaf became smaller and the mesophyll parenchyma cells became less and thicker. The germination percentage of the seeds also showed a significant decrease compared to the control. Anatomical study of the stem also showed that while the diameter of the stem decreased, the number of vascular vessels decreased in severe stress, but they became larger in size. Although lead poisoning had some effects on the mentioned parameters in seedlings, these seedlings tolerated the effects of poisoning and were able to tolerate 2 mM concentration of lead.