نشریه فناوری های پیشرفته در بهره وری آب
سال سوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Groundwater is a limited and vulnerable resource that is reversible in the conditions of balance between nutrition and extraction. Mahidasht plain of Kermanshah province, which in the past was one of the most fertile and vast plains in the west of Iran, the trend of decreasing groundwater, especially in recent years, is quite evident. Methodology It has been tried in this article by using Mahidasht plain underground water modeling using ModFlow model, Mahidasht plain underground water stability based on analysis of the current situation and four management scenarios (scenario of continuation of the current trend, scenario of adjustment of permits and reduction of 30 The percentage of underground water extraction, the scenario of removing unauthorized wells and adjusting the permits and reducing the extraction of underground water by 40 percent and the scenario of increasing the extraction of underground water and developing unauthorized cultivation) should be investigated. The results show the unstable situation of the Mahidasht aquifer, and the application of the management scenario of 30-40% reduction in groundwater extraction will not stabilize the central areas of the aquifer. The unstable situation of this plain means many social, economic, political, security and environmental risks. In other words, this plain, more than ever, wants to control the harvest and should be prioritized in the water scarcity adaptation programs of politicians, planners, managers and all water guarantors in the region and removed from the list of susceptible areas for agricultural development. It is recommended to follow the principles of quality sustainability of the aquifer, and encourage farmers to change the harvesting pattern from agriculture to industry with incentive policies.

One of the Principles of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance in the science of water engineering. In this research, the new K-means clustering method to discretize reservoir inflow has been presented for the Stochastic Dynamic Programming(SDP). In addition, the Moran's method is used to discretize the reservoir storage. By the programming in the Python environment, the historical reservoir inflow in each season is classified to different clusters and obtained the best inflow cluster for each season. The effects of this clustering is also considering in the SDP of Jamishan reservoir. In general, the change in inflow classification will lead to a fundamental change in the transition probability matrix. Thus, the use of K-means method for the reservoir inflow discretization, due to the possibility of optimizing the number of clusters in each time period, can be very useful for the SDP. finally, it is strongly recommended to use K-means method to discretize reservoir inflow for reservoir operation by SDP.

K-means is an object-based algorithm that selects representative clusters from the data itself rather than averaging them. K-means of a cluster is the most central element of a cluster. The purpose of this method is to reduce sensitivity to large values in the data set. Each cluster is introduced with one of the data close to the centers. According to the number of data categories (k), the value of the least squares function is minimized and the data are categorized in the best way. In addition, the Moran's method is used to discretize the reservoir storage. In this method, the upper and lower limit of the range of changes and the upper limit of each category are used as indicators of discretization of the reservoir volume. The study area includes Jamishan reservoir sub-basin with an area of 527.07 km2 located in the southwest of Sanghar city near the Pirsalman hydrometric station. This watershed is the part of Kermanshah province which is between 32-34° to 34-53° North latitude and 47-22° to 47-52° East longitude. The annual average of rainfall, evaporation and temperature are 441 mm, 1534 mm and 10 degrees Celsius, respectively.

Evaluating the performance of the K-means model in 4 different seasons, showed that among the 19 considered clusters, the best result in seasonalclassification is obtained by the 5 inflow clusters according to the performance rate in fall, winter, spring and summer seasons - 142.57, -176.90,-475.36 and -2.10, respectively. The results of the First-order Markov chain, the possible values are given in Table 1 for 4 seasons in 5 clusters,and in this table, the specified numbers indicate the probability of moving each cluster for each season.In thefollowing, using the backward recursive function, the calculations are continued until reaching the stationary state condition. Finally, the value of l* was obtained for all 4 periods and different combinations of k and i as Fig.1. The results of Steady-state condition showed that l* happened mostly in spring up to 5 clusters of the reservoir storage and the least happened in summer with onecluster. Then, the calculations of the reservoir release probability in each period for each class of inflow and storage have been made. The highest value has occurred for reservoir storage class 4 in the autumn, winter, and spring seasons but in the summer season, due to less inflow and high water demand, it has happened in reservoir storage class 5.

In this research, the Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) of the Jamishan dam reservoir is discussed using the K-means method in classifying the inflow discharge seasonally for the 41 years of historical data. Moran's method is also used to classify the storage volume of the reservoir into 7 classes. To calculate the transition probability matrix during the first-order Markov chain process, it is necessary to have the flow class in each period. For this purpose, the k-means method is used. The reservoir inflow in each season is classified from 2 to 20 classes by programming in the Python environment and especially with the Scikit-learn library. Evaluating the performance of the K-means model in 4 different seasons, showed that among the 19 considered clusters, the best result in seasonal classification is obtained by the 5 inflow clusters. Changing the number of inflow clusters leads to changes in the transition probability matrix and this process would change the results of reservoir operation. It can be said that the use of this flow classification method can have a significant impact on the management and optimization of dam reservoir performance. In general, the use of new classification methods such as the K-means method in the discretization of reservoir inflow for the reservoir stochastic dynamic programming can be very beneficial and effective.

Iran is the thirteenth country in terms of wheat production in the world. Kermanshah Province is known as the west agricultural pole of the country. It has about 700,000 hectares of agricultural land, and more than 173,000 hectares of high quality water land. Irrigation is one of the most important effective factors in grain production in hot and dry climates. Research has shown that the use of modern pressurized irrigation systems reduces water consumption and increases the water use efficiency. Considering the issue of water shortage that has been raised in the country in recent years, The simultaneous investigation of the effects of sprinkler and strip drip irrigation systems in three wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars on yield, yield components and water use efficiency in this province seemed necessary.This research was carried out in the research farm of ACECR, Kermanshah province unit during 2021. Wheat seeds of Baharan, Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars were cultivated on 08/30/2020 after health control and detoxification. This study was conducted in the form of a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the main plots, the irrigation methods including sprinkler and strip drip irrigation were evaluated and in the sub-plots, wheat cultivars including Baharan, Rakhshan and Heidari were evaluated. From each treatment, one square meter of samples was taken from the middle of the plot. These samples were placed separately in special bags (by installing specifications on each sample) and were immediately transferred to the laboratory. According to the dimensions of the plots (60 m2), during the growth period of the wheat plant, the irrigation amount was 633.50 mm in sprinkler irrigation method and 436 mm in strip drip irrigation method. Finally, after data collection, statistical analysis, including an analysis of variance and comparison of means, was performed using Duncan's multi-range test at a five percent probability level with SAS Ver 9.4 software.Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the irrigation method, there was a significant effect on the characteristics of plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency of the crop. Additionally, the effect of cultivars was significant in plant height, number of seeds per spike, seed yield, biomass yield, and water use efficiency. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant effects of irrigation method and cultivars for crop yield traits and water use efficiency. The comparison of means revealed that the highest yield of 9458 kg/ha was observed in the strip drip irrigation treatment in Baharan cultivar, which had a statistical difference with the sprinkler irrigation treatment in similar cultivars. Furthermore, the sprinkler irrigation treatment in Heydari cultivar with a yield of 6539 kg/ha had the lowest yield. Based on the obtained results, the highest and lowest water use efficiency productivity with values of 2.13 and 1.03 kg/m3 were observed in the strip drip irrigation treatments of Baharan variety and sprinkler irrigation of Heydari variety, respectively. The results of the research showed that the use of strip drip irrigation method compared to the sprinkler irrigation method in Baharan, Rakhshan, and Heydari cultivars resulted in an increase of 20.07%, 29.76%, and 20.50% in crop yield, respectively.Optimum use of water seems necessary considering the climatic conditions of the country and the recent droughts. One of the important and effective solutions is to use modern irrigation systems. The results revealed that the use of different irrigation systems caused a significant difference at the levels of 1% and 5% on the yield and yield components of wheat in investigated cultivars. Based on the results in the tape irrigation method, the yield increased in most of the analyzed parameters compared to the sprinkler irrigation method. The results exhibited that, the use of tape method saved water consumption by 31% and increased the yield of the product and finally increased the water efficiency compared to the sprinkler irrigation method.

Water is one of the main factors in human life and, in addition to drinking, it plays an important role in other uses related to human life and nature. Among the water resources, rivers are more important because those water resources are considered as open systems and are therefore subject to change. The quality of these water resources is one of the most important characteristics that leads to sustainable development. One of the most practical and cost-effective methods to determine the ecological health of water and determine whether the quality of water has decreased with human activities is the biological study of these water resources. To achieve this result, the use of water quality index is very useful. In Iran, two indices (NSFWQI) and (IRWQISC) have been used. Due to tropical climate conditions of Golin region and increasing of water shortage in the past years, and also because of the construction of Zagros dam on the river which use for irrigation of agricultural lands, measuring the water quality of the Golin River is important. Therefore, to investigate the temporal changes of Golin river water quality, the present study was carried out at the station located downstream of Najargolin village during 4 different seasons and qualitative studies were performed on them based on the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index. The Golin river Basin is located between 45° 60' and 45° 44' east longitude and 34°26' and 34°9' north latitude and 3450 meters above sea level. The parameters studied were DO, pH, BOD5, NO3-, PO43-, turbidity, water temperature and TDS. Sampling was done in four periods of spring, summer, autumn and winter during the years 2019-2020, based on the standard method. According to the obtained results, the value of DO in November with the value of 9.23 mg/L was the highest value and in July, with the value of 7.55 mg/L was in the lowest range. The highest values of the pH were observed during January and December and the lowest parameter observed in March. The highest amount of BOD5 was observed in June and the lowest in September, with values of 9.60 and 4.75 mg/L, respectively. In June, October, November, December, January and February, the BOD5 parameter showed higher values than other months. It was found that the highest value of NO3 was observed in April, November, December, January and February, respectively. The highest value of phosphate observed in June with a rate of 1 mg/L and the lowest amount was observed in November with a rate of 0.18 mg/L. The results of water turbidity in the river during the year showed that the highest value of this parameter was in November and the lowest were in January, July and September. According to results, dissolved oxygen (DO) with an annual average of 8.45 mg/L according to the drinking standard (WHO, 2004) and the FAO irrigation standard (FAO, 2005) were in the appropriate range. The pH value also was in the desired range, with an annual average of 7.8 in terms of irrigation and drinking. The results of examining the annual average of BOD5 also showed that this parameter was unfavorable based on the drinking standard, but it was in the desired range according to the FAO irrigation standard. The annual average of TDS showed that this parameter is in the unfavorable category in terms of irrigation, but in the favorable category in terms of drinking consumption. According to the results, the water quality of the river was in the Medium category in all different seasons and months during the year. The highest numerical value of NSFWQI was obtained in March with the value of 60.59 and the lowest numerical value of the mentioned index was measured at a value 54.21 in June. The total results which obtained from the study of Golin river water quality during one year (2019-2020) showed that the water of the river in terms of NSFWQI was in the medium category in all seasons. Disposal of household waste, animal waste, rural waste, agricultural wastewater and hot climate are the main reasons for the decrease in river water quality at the sampling station. Examination of physical and chemical parameters of Golin river and comparison of results with WHO drinking standard and FAO irrigation standard showed that DO, pH, NO3-, PO43- were in the desired category and BOD5, turbidity and TDS were classified as undesirable condition. However, it can be suggested that based on the results obtained from the index at the Najjar station, the water of the Golin River cannot be used directly for drinking and requires advanced treatment. For recreational purposes, the water must be used with caution. It was also found that the river water could be used for irrigation in agriculture and drinking of domestic animals.

A major part of the globe is made up of seas, rivers, underground waters and oceans, and from those places where a major part of the resources needed by humans comes from these methods and requires engineering constructions, coastal protection is important. . being high Development, sustainable, engineering and selection of the best protection method to organize and stabilize the coast, depend on the sea from the sea. Among the protection methods, we can mention coastal wall structures, which reduce the wave height from the beach by creating damping. In the current research, according to the performance of numerical modeling, laboratory results are used to check the efficiency of Open FOAM software and the k-o SST turbulence model in modeling the individual behavior of the body of the coastal Ivar structure. Considering different conditions in modeling, the total number of 10 tests, 5 in the case of coastal wall structure and 5 without structure in 5 different degrees (6, 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12 cm) and the same conditions (structure height 7.5 cm) was chosen to implement the program. The results showed that the forces have increased compared to the state without the structure, in other words, it can be said that the presence of the structure can be compared to the state without the structure in the depreciation of the experimental force. Since the change of forces to the structures is a function of the height, so it decreases with the increase in the amount of influence.

Electricity production is very important in developing countries. Undoubtedly, energy production is a key factor for the economic and social development of these countries. Institutions involved in electricity supply have recently recommended pump as turbine as an option for electrifying villages due to economic benefits. Electricity generation from transmission lines and water distribution networks is one of the new topics in the optimal management of water systems. In water transmission and distribution networks, despite the additional water load on the downstream equipment, which is often controlled by pressure control valves, a pump can be used as a turbine in electricity production. By taking energy from the pump and transferring it to the incompressible fluid, the pumping system increases the energy of the fluid and transfers it from a lower height to a higher level, while the reverse pump system works in the opposite direction of the pump. One of the most important factors in choosing the type of turbine for the construction of a power plant is the estimation of the initial costs of the project for the initial cost return in the shortest time. For this reason, according to the results of the investigations, one of the economic methods to replace the turbine is to use a reverse pump. These types of pumps have features such as lower maintenance costs than turbines and can be widely used.The case study in the present research includes the water supply plan to the cities and villages in the northeast of Khuzestan, which consists of a set of transmission lines, pressure relief valves, balance tanks and water storage tanks. The studied area in Khuzestan province includes the cities of Baghmalek, Izeh, Seydun and Ramhormoz. Seydun reservoirs in the east, Haftgel reservoirs in the west, Ramhormoz reservoirs in the south, and Izeh reservoirs in the north of the study area. According to the profile of the studied water supply line, there can be excess energy in the pressure relief valves, the inlet of the water tanks and the balance tanks. Based on this, eight points in the form of Helaijan branch, Seydon reservoirs, PRV6 pressure relief valve, RES5 equilibrium reservoir, RES6 equilibrium reservoir, Haftgel reservoirs, Ramhormoz reservoirs and Baghmalek reservoirs were selected as points with the potential of using reverse pump for energy production. Manufacturers of pumps usually do not provide the curve of pump behaviors in reverse operation, which causes problems in using the pump as a turbine. It is not easy to use the pump as a turbine, and the pump shows different behavior, which makes it difficult to predict the characteristic curve. For this purpose, it is necessary to convert the characteristic curve of the selected pump into the characteristic curve of the reverse pump. In this research, Sharma's method (1985) was used to determine the suitable pump for a small hydroelectric power plant. This method helps to select a pump with reverse operation capability according to the available line information so that it can be used as a turbine for energy extraction with the help of a generator. According to all the available methods for selecting the pump, this method provides the closest results to the user, and along with the practicality of its use, empirical equations are used in this method.Based on the amount of production power calculated for each of the points with energy production potential, it was determined that the maximum production power of RES6 balance tank and PRV6 pressure relief valve is 758.7 and 719.5 kW, respectively. The RES6 balance tank has the maximum head and the PRV6 pressure relief valve has the highest flow rate among all the studied points. The lowest production power is related to Helaijan branch with 32 kW, which is the lowest flow rate among all the studied points. Based on the obtained results, the proposed power plants are able to supply 1512 kilowatts of production power. In the next part, the proposed replacement of small hydropower plants on the transmission line with diesel generators with similar production capacity was analyzed from an economic point of view. In these calculations, the efficiency of the power plant is considered to be 75%. The total power produced by small hydropower plants with reverse pump is equal to 2717.29 kilowatts, which, considering 8000 hours per year for a period of 25 years, will be equal to 302400 megawatt hours. Considering that 10.96 kilowatt hours of power is produced per liter of diesel, the total amount of fuel required for a period of 25 years will be equal to 27600000 liters. Considering the world price of diesel, which is about $0.5 per liter, the cost of fuel required for energy production will be about $13,800,000.