Journal of Research in Applied and Basic Medical Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Autumn 2022

There is inadequate information available about the genomics and proteomics characterization of SARS-CoV-2 isolates reported from India and other part of the globe. This characterization is important for the in-silico drug designing, as there are no approved medications available to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. The present study based on the characterization of SARS-CoV-2 (MZ558159) isolate reported from India using homology modeling, validation, and in silico drug designing methods.

Genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 (MZ558159) was retrieved from NCBI, and four protein sequences e.g., QXN18496, QXN18498, QXN18504, and QXN18497 were selected for the homology modeling, validation, and in silico drug designing. SWISS-MODEL and UCLA-DOE server were used for homology modeling. Validation for structure model performed using PROCHECK and molecular docking using MCULE-1-Click server.

The surface glycoprotein (QXN18496) model corresponding to probability conformation with 93.6%, envelope protein (QXN18498) with 88.9%, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (QXN18504) with 93.6%, and ORF3a protein (QXN18497) with 91.8% residues in core section of φ-ψ plot that specifies accuracy of prediction models. The corresponding ProSA Z-score score -12.67, -0.01, -4.4, and -2.87 indicates the good quality of the models. Molecular dynamic simulation and docking studies revealed that inhibitor binds effectively at the SARS-CoV-2 (MZ558159) proteins. Predicted inhibitor 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose exhibited effective binding affinity against surface glycoprotein (QXN18496).

The results of this study established inhibitor 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose as valuable lead molecule with great potential for surface glycoprotein (QXN18496).

 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus belonging to the family of lentiviruses. It is the causative organism of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has become one of the greatest public health challenges faced by mankind. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has remarkably improved survival and the quality of life of the people living with HIV, but the occurrence of adverse reactions is a serious challenge. This study assessed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the people living with HIV on first line HAART attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

 In this descriptive-retrospective study, the data of 350 people on HAART attending FMC, Makurdi, Nigeria from 2010 to 2012 were collected, using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Chi-square with the aid of SPSS v.20 software. A p-value ˂0.05 was considered significant.

 HIV infection was more in females (66%) than in males (34%). Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) were more in females (60%) than in males (40%). The most prescribed HAART regimens were zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (44.3%), and tenofovir/emtricitabine/nevirapine (31.7%). ADRs were observed in 195 (55.7 %) of the people living with HIV on first line HAART. The observed ADRs were abdominal pain (28.7%), diarrhea (10.8%), vomiting (3.6%), hepatitis (17%), mild skin rash (22%), severe skin rash (4%), anemia (0.4%), peripheral neuropathy (5.4%), insomnia (4.0%), and dizziness (3.6%). Most ADRs were observed in nevirapine based HAART; zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (46.6%) and tenofovir/emtricitabine/nevirapine (32.6%). The nature of the observed ADRs was mild (71.6%), moderate (27.1%) and severe (1.30%).

 The use of first line HAART seems safe, because observed ADRs were not severe, but the patients should be routinely monitored for ADRs.

 Colorless Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) solution is effective in increasing the remineralization of hard tooth tissue, and the silver ion in it has antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) varnish with SDF on oral saliva pH in children with premature dental caries.

 In this clinical trial study, 25 children with the age group of 3-6 years old were randomly selected, and then randomly divided to two groups of receiving NaF and receiving SDF. The rate of salivary pH change in both study groups was measured and recorded before treatment (baseline time), 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after treatment, using digital pH meter. The results were evaluated using repeated measures and independent t-test at a significance level of 0.05%.

 The mean salivary pH level of the SDF group in the fifth (p = 0.018), tenth (p = 0.022), and twentieth (p = 0.039) minutes after treatment was significantly higher than it in the NaF group. In the SDF group, saliva pH at 5 (p = 0.001), 10 (p <0.001), 20 (p <0.001) and 30 minutes (p = 0.002) was significantly higher than the baseline time.

 The saliva pH of children increased significantly after using SDF compared to NaF. Due to the other positive effects of SDF in preventing caries compared to NaF, this substance is recommended for oral pH control in ECC and S-ECC treatment plans, especially in the cases where anesthesia is not possible.

 The etiology of hoarseness of voice ranges from benign to malignant disease and should not be avoided. To treat the underlying pathology, proper knowledge and clinicopathological profile of hoarseness of voice are required. This study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute to identify clinical and etiological risk factors for voice hoarseness.

 This retrospective study was conducted on 255 patients who had complained of hoarseness of voice for more than 15 days. All demographics, clinical history, pre-and postoperative video-laryngoscopic, and histopathology data were collected for 5 years.

 Hoarseness of voice occurred in 0.46% of total attendees. The majority of patients (49.8%) were between the ages of 41 and 60 years, and 64.7% were men. Laborers and farmers were the most affected (21.56%). Smoking was observed in 20.4% of the patients, and tobacco chewing was observed in 17.65% of them. Palsy (6.27%), abductor palsy (3.13%), sulcus (3.13%), and papilloma were the most common causes of hoarseness (1.97%). The nonvocal/nonprofessional group was the single largest group (74.11%). 25.5% of hoarseness cases were caused by functional voice disorders.

 If hoarseness lasts more than 15 days, a referral to a voice specialist is recommended. Because etiological data varies by geographical area, each case should be thoroughly evaluated to ensure early diagnosis of underlying pathology and accurate treatment. The identification of the role of addictions such as smoking, tobacco chewing, and alcohol highlight the need to warn the public about the consequences such as cancer.

 The immunohistological and ultrastructural features of the human testis with emphasis upon the process of spermatogenesis and the cytology of the Leydig cells were reviewed in this study. The present study also has its future implications in staging of cancer metastasis in the patients with Seminoma Testis and Leydig Cell Tumors and also in future xenografting of testicular tissue from an infant human donor.

 The testis tissue samples from aborted human fetuses of various weeks of gestation were taken and then subjected to immunohistochemistry by Ki-67 antibodies and also to Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

 In the ultrastructural study, it is shown that the seminiferous epithelium is structurally partitioned by the Sertoli cells into basal and adluminal compartments via the specialized tight junctions between the Sertoli cells. The Leydig cell cytoplasm contains an abundant supply of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae, both features being characteristic of steroidogenic cells.

 The detailed ultrastructural study can help the surgeons in the future xenografting processes of testicular tissue from an infant human donor to increase sperm maturity because of highly vascular testicular tissue.

 Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) occurs in up to 30% of the women and is a major cause of hysterectomies. It can result from a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from physiological process to malignant lesions involving organic, systemic, and hormonal responses. The PALM component of the FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) deals with the structural causes, while the COEIN component deals with the non-structural causes. AUB is diagnosed by clinical examination and ultrasonography. Final diagnosis is always correlated with histopathological study. The objective of this study was clinico-histopathological evaluation of the cases of AUB, with respect to FIGO classification system in the women of reproductive and perimenopausal age group.

 Present study was a hospital-based prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India. It included 100 women, with complains of abnormal uterine bleeding, in the age group of 30 to 50 years and above, who were evaluated in over a period of one year, from January 2021 to December 2021. Age, parity, menstrual cycles, duration of symptoms and recurrence (if any), contraception, obstetric history, and history suggestive of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were noted. General physical, systemic, and gynecological examinations of the patients were done. The findings of blood investigations, sonography, histopathology of endometrial biopsy specimens, and hysterectomised specimens were analysed.

 In our study, the maximum incidence of AUB was seen in reproductive and perimenopausal age groups between 35-40 years (38%) and 40-45 years (35%). The highest incidence of AUB was in multiparous women (44%). The most common pattern of AUB was heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) (69%). The most common type of AUB was chronic type of heavy menstrual bleeding (65%). In our study, the most common organic causes of AUB were fibroids (34%) and adenomyosis (18%). On histopathology, secretory endometrium was found in 52% cases and proliferative type in 21% of cases.

 Ultrasonography combined with endometrial biopsy proves to be the gold standard for diagnosis of AUB. The present study highlights the importance of endometrial biopsy and its interpretation which plays a pivotal role in the management of AUB.

 Chronic human myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by mutations and changes in stem cells. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle of thiosemicarbazone complex with copper on the human chronic myelogenous K562 leukemia cell line.

 After culturing the human K562 cell line, it was exposed to the combination of methyl thiosemicarbazone complex with copper in different concentrations and durations. Trypan blue dye exclusion test and MTT were used to determine cell viability and cell growth inhibition. The occurrence of apoptosis was examined by dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining and fluorescence microscopy, cell cycle analysis, and dual PI/AnnexinV staining using flow cytometry.

 The data obtained from the present study showed morphological changes resulting from apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Sub G1 in the presence of phosphatidylserine in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane due to treatment with thiosemicarbazone compound. It also decreased the biological growth of the K562 cell line in a concentration-/ and time-dependent manner.

 effective at low concentrations and short duration of action, this compound can be a suitable candidate for future pharmacological studies on treating CML.

Orthodontic patients may need different side treatments during their orthodontic treatment. These include a labial frenectomy to close the diastema, a corticotomy to speed up tooth displacement, or other treatments. In this study, the satisfaction of orthodontic patients in whom the treatment was performed with the help of laser radiation was evaluated by a standard questionnaire.

In this study, 31 orthodontic patients who needed adjuvant treatment for various reasons and were referred to a specialized laser center in Urmia, Iran along 2020 were included in the study. Patients' files were reviewed and their demographic characteristics and type of treatment were recorded in a questionnaire. Patients' satisfaction with the treatment was assessed by calling them by phone and recorded by the researcher in a written questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software and by statistical tests.

31 patients (25 females and 6 males) with a mean age of 23.71 ± 8.45 years participated in this study. The use of laser was collectively good but in accelerating the process of tooth displacement was the least and the use of laser in gingivectomy surgery is the most satisfactory forthe patients (p = 0.002). The type of laser had no effect on patient satisfaction (p = 0.429). The type of treatment and the type of laser had no effect onthe patients' stress during orthodontic treatment (p> 0.05). With increasing the number of treatment sessions,the patients' sedation levels increased significantly (p = 0.009). The type of treatment, type of laser, and number of treatment sessions had no effect onthe patients' pain (p> 0.05).

According to the findings of this study and due to the high satisfaction rate of the patients from gingivectomy and frenectomy treatment by laser adjunctive treatment, laser may be used more in the future in the treatment of these patients with.