Journal of Research in Applied and Basic Medical Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Winter 2022

Hemoglobin (Hb) estimation is one of the mandatory tests should be carried out on all blood donors before accepting for blood donation to prevent collecting blood samples from anemic donors. Presently various methods are available for pre-donation screening of donor hemoglobin. Total Hb concentration is calculated from measured absorbance at multiple wavelengths. In this study we reviewed the performance of Compolab TS with automated SYSMEX XN 1000i hematology analyzer and with standard cyanmethemoglobin method.

This is a prospective study carried out in the department of Transfusion Medicine, Narayana Medical College and Hospital, India. A total of 466 blood donors were screened and evaluated for hemoglobin estimation by three different methods. Comparison and their test performances were evaluated by analysis of coefficients of variation (CV), linear regression, and mean differences, using SPSS Software version 20.0.

There was no difference between the mean Hb determinations. The CVs for three methods Compolab TS, 0Coulter, and Cyanmethemoglobin methods were 0.71%, 0.44%, and 0.85%, respectively. Compolab TS and Coulter showed best agreement and the Cyanmethemoglobin showed lower determination rate compared to both the Coulter and Compolab TS tests. However, pair methods involving Cyanmethemoglobin seem to narrower limits of agreement (± 0.1636 and ± 0.2152) than Compolab TS and Coulter combination (± 0.2730).

Estimation of Hb by Compolab TS is rapid, simple and easy and showed good agreement with the standard methods.

 The gallbladder and biliary tract are structures that are in close proximity to the adjacent organs and can exhibit a variety of anomalies and anatomic variations. However, the literature on morphological variations of the gallbladder and their prevalence are limited. This study aims to identify various anatomical variations in gallbladder shape and position that should be considered for clinical implications, investigative procedures, radiological studies, surgical interventions, embryological explanations, and comparative anatomy. Aim of this study is to study the morphology of gallbladder in cadavers.

This study was done on 100 cadaveric liver and gallbladder specimens available in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India. Parameters such as maximum transverse diameter and maximum length were measured with help of metallic tape. Each specimen was studied for morphological variations. The observations were tabulated and analysed statistically.

Gallbaladder samples had length ranging between 3.3 and 12 cm, transverse diameter between 2.0 and 5.0 cm. The commonest shape observed in this study was pear shaped in 84% of cases. The length of gallbladder below the inferior border of liver varied between 0.4 and 2.5 cm.

The anatomic variations of the gallbladder and biliary tract are critical during their surgical procedures. The present study describes the different anatomic variations of human gallbladder and its clinical importance. This study will greatly assist surgeons in understanding the possible morphology of the gallbladder.

 Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease transmitted through contact among animals that are harboring leptospira. Knowledge of prevalent leptospira in a particular animal of a particular geographical area is essential to understand the epizootiology of disease as well as the linkage between circulation of serovars in animals and humans, and to apply appropriate control measures.

For this retrospective analytic study, animal samples from different districts of south Gujarat region, India received in Microbiology department of Government Medical College (GMC), Surat, Gujarat region, India, during the year of 2020 for Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) of leptospira serovars included in the study. Results of MAT which was already performed using 12 different serovars were analysed to know prevent serovars in a particular animal. Qualtitative data was analysed using frequency and percentage.

Out of 1406 animal's samples, 151 (11%) were positive from animals like cow, buffalo, bullock, and goat. More prevalent serovars in cows were Ictrohemorrahiae (22%), hardjo (19%), patoc (17%), and pyrogen (16%). In buffalos, patoc (58%) and hardjo (27%) were found. In bullocks, hardjo (50%) and in goats, automonalis (50%), australis (22%) and patoc (14%) were found as prevent serovars.

Different prevent serovars has been observed in different animals from different districts of south Gujarat region, which will be helpful to trace the source of infection in human, to apply control measures, to know epizootiology of disease, and for developing strategies in future during vaccine development with emphasizing more on the prevalent serovars.

Enterostomy reversal and fascial defect cause weakness in the abdominal wall and may lead to formation of incisional hernia. Literature says that placement of synthetic mesh in dirty/contaminated wound causes high chances of surgical site infection (SSI) and mesh related complications. This dogma is now challenged. Present study was conducted to evaluate outcome of the placement of synthetic non-absorbable mesh after enterostomy closure in terms of SSI and incisional hernia.

This prospective case-control study was conducted in the department of General surgery Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (NSCB) medical college, Jabalpur, between 1st December 2018 to 30th September 2020. All patients of age >18 years with ileostomy/colostomy undergoing enterostomy reversal were included. Outcomes noted for wound infection/dehiscence, mesh related complications, its removal, and development of incisional hernia.

Total 60 patients were included in this study. Out of which, 30 (23 loop ileostomy, 5 double barrel ileostomy, and 2 colostomy) were taken as the case; where polypropylene mesh was placed (9 sublay and 21 onlay). 30 others (28 loop ileostomy, 1 double barrel ileostomy, and 1 colostomy) were taken as control where mesh was not placed after stoma closure. SSI was significantly lower in mesh placed group than non-mesh placed group (16.6% vs. 40%; P=0.019). Use of mesh was associated with slightly better outcomes but not significant in terms of rate of wound dehiscence (3.3% vs. 6.7%; Z=0.59; P=0.554) and incisional hernia (0 vs 6.7%; p= 0.492) in mesh and non-mesh groups, respectively. Mesh removal for chronic infection was not required in any case.

Placement of permanent synthetic polypropylene mesh at the site of enter ostomy closure for prevention of incisional hernia can be done safely without fear of having increased risk of SSI and need of mesh removal.

To determine how well the standard criteria were utilized in reporting breast cancer pathology and to compare the variability among a public teaching, a public nonteaching, and a private hospital in Urmia, Iran.

Three hundred and fifty pathology reports of mastectomy samples with diagnosis of primary breast cancer were retrieved from archives of pathology departments of three hospitals; one public teaching (121 reports), one public nonteaching (99 reports), and one private hospital (130 reports). The reports were assessed for tumor laterality, size, color, consistency, type and grade, sample size, description of prior biopsy site, specimen condition (fresh, or in fixative), number of excised and involved lymph nodes, previous frozen section (FS), surgical margins, lymphovascular invasion, and in situ carcinoma.

None of the reports had all the suggested items. Specimen condition was the only item recorded in all of the reports. The teaching hospital reports had significantly higher number of reported items than the two other hospitals (P<0.001). Key items (tumor size, type and grade, surgical margin, vascular invasion, and in situ carcinoma) were also indicated more frequently in teaching hospital (P<0.001).

We showed evident variations in reporting breast cancer pathology in the studied different hospitals. It seems that the teaching program in the public-teaching hospital can be a reason for the better results in this hospital. So we suggest using standard universal protocols for cancer reporting as well as creating an effective audit system to evaluate complete utilization of the protocols.

Most commonly assessed Platelet indices include the mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR), and the plateletcrit (PCT). The platelet behavior is often unpredictable and complicated in Iron Deficiency Anemia. High MPV and low PDW were reported in patients with leukemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the significance of platelet parameters in anemia and leukemia cases.

 A cross-sectional and observational case-control study was carried out at a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh. We measured the platelet indices using an automated counter. Laboratory data from 200 patients of anemia and leukemias were analysed.

 Hematological disorders such as anemia in 168 cases and Leukemia in 32 cases were recorded. Platelet parameters specifically platelet count (PC), MPV, PDW, and P-LCR were significantly lowered in acute leukemia patients than them of the control group. In chronic leukemia (both CML & CLL) patients, all the platelet parameters such as mean platelet component (MPC), MPV, PDW, and P-LCR were found to be higher than them of the control group. In the majority of chronic leukemia cases, platelets on PBS were discrete (81%) and hypogranular (55%). Inverse relationship noted between MPV and PC among anemic patients. PC in acute leukemia (both AML & ALL) patients was lower than that of the control group. PDW was significantly lower in acute leukemia patients compared to that in the control group. P-LCR was also found to be significantly lower in the acute leukemia group compared to the control group. The PC was higher and the MPV was lower in the anemic group compared to the control group.

 In chronic leukemia patients, all the platelet parameters such asPC, MPV, PDW, and P-LCR were found to be significantly higher than them of the control group. PC was higher and the MPV was lower in the anemic group compared to the control group. All the platelet parameters such as MPV, PC, PDW, and P-LCR were significantly lower in acute leukemia patients compared to them in the control group, in contrast with chronic leukemia patients where the parameters were significantly higher compared to them in the control group.

To prepare qualified doctors for today’s environment in which the internet provides universal digital information, the teaching methods used for educating and training medical school students should be reconsidered for their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of online teaching in facilitating medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic in northern India.

This Cross-sectional, online survey study was conducted on total 334 students of 18-22 years' age by giving questionnaire which consisted of 10 questions. Informed consent was also taken. Questionnaire was given through online Google forms and link shared through social media and responses were collected. Questions were 5-point Likert-type questions, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Responses were collected in a one-week period. Statistical analysis was done using MS Excel program (ver. 2019, Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA).

It was shown that 36.5% of the students disagree for “effectiveness of online teaching whereas 69.9% of them agree for “preference for online teaching to offline teaching. The commonly perceived disadvantages as perceived by students to using online teaching platforms were problematic internet connection (42.5%) and lack of two-way interaction. (22.2%). P values calculated for mean of paramedical and medical group was 0.03, which was statistically significant.

Our study results showed that 82.6% of the students agreed that online teaching has not successfully replaced the offline teaching. Whereas 91.5% of the students felt they could not learn practical skills through online teaching. This indicates practical skills remain as potential disadvantage for online teaching.

 The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from its inception created a need for phyloepidemiological approaches to provide unanswered questions regarding the viral emergence and evolvement of various mutated strains. Unfortunately, there is an absolute dearth of information on the evolution of the delta variant strain in Nigeria. This study investigated the phyloepidemiology of the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Nigeria.

 A total of 33 complete genomic sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.2) from Nigeria, India, United Arab Emirates (UAE), United States of America (USA), Canada, United Kingdom (UK), China, and the reference sequence were retrieved from the GISAID EpiFlu™ on the 11th of August 2021. The sequences were selected based on the most visited tourist destinations of Nigerians (USA, UK, China, UAE, India, and Canada). The evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method based on the general time-reversible model. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the common ancestor of each sequence.

 The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the delta strain in Nigeria clustered in a monophyletic clade with other Nigeria strains with its root from the reference Wuhan sublineage. Nucleotide alignment also showed a 99% similarity indicating a common origin of evolution.

 Our findings revealed that the current outbreak of the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Nigeria stemmed from a genetic mutation that shared a consensus similarity with the reference SARS-CoV-2 human genome from Wuhan and was not imported from other countries as widely reported.