Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:8 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

Water deficit stress is one of the most important agricultural problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Biochar has a great ability to absorb and store nutrients and chemical fertilizers, even keeping elements such as phosphorus and nitrogen and preventing their leaching, increases the growth of plants. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of Biochar and Humic acid amounts on the absorption of elements and the seed yield of corn hybrid (SC.704) under water deficit stress in Ahvaz region. Current study was conducted in the form of a split split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping years 2016-2018 and 2018-2019 in Ahvaz. The main plot includes water deficit stress with three levels of irrigation (irrigation after draining 30, 40 and 50% of the field capacity, respectively, optimal irrigation, mild stress and severe stress). Also the sub-plot includes biochar with 2 levels (no use of biochar and the application of 4 t.ha-1) and sub-subplot included humic acid with 4 levels (no application of humic acid, application of 2, 4 and 6 liters of humic acid per hectare). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of water stress, biochar and humic acid on all measured traits was significant. Also interaction effect of treatments was significant (instead effect of water stress × biochar on seed yield, iron and zinc seed content and water stress × humic acid on seed yield) Under severe stress conditions, seed yield decreased (36%). Humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all studied traits. The maximum seed yield (8995.18 kg.ha-1) was related to the irrigation treatment after draining 40% of the field capacity and applying 4 t.ha-1 of biochar. In general, in conditions of moderate moisture stress, the use of 4 liters of humic acid per hectare increased the seed yield by 42% compared to the treatment of severe stress and no use of humic acid.

Growth regulator compounds, especially plant hormones, also affect the plant growth process.
Current research was done to investigate the effect of hormonal treatment (gibberellin acid) and physical (cold) treatment on potato micro tuber dormancy, germination speed and yield of two potato cultivars (Banba and Arinda).
This study was conducted according factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions in the research laboratories of the Institute of Seed and Seedling Production. The first factor included of the potato variety at two levels (Banba and Arinda), and growth stimulant including gibberellin acid at four levels (0, 25, 50, 100 mg.l-1) belonged to second factor.
The examined traits included the day until the appearance of the sting, the number of micro tubers, the fresh weight of the tubers, and the length of the stolen. Based on the results obtained from the effect of gibberellin acid concentration on important traits such as the number of micro tubers, stolon length, which shows a high correlation with the fresh weight of the tubers, and the number of days until the appearance of the first bite, which will indicate the effectiveness of this substance in breaking dormancy.
The concentration of 50 mg of gibberellin acid has the best results and can be recommended to increase the speed of breaking dormancy, as well as more uniformity and more production. Based on the general results of the cultivars used in this experiment, except for the trait of tuber wet weight, which was more in the case of Arinda than Banba, they did not differ much and showed high genetic similarity in the measured traits.

Fertilizer management is one of the most important factors in successful cultivation of crops affecting yield quality and quantity. Chemical fertilizers have several negative impacts on environment and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, bio fertilizers are recommended in these conditions and growth prompting bacteria uses as a replacement of chemical fertilizers. Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for safe and healthy food and long term sustainability and concerns on environmental pollution associated with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Biofertilizers aid plants in accessing the nutrient present in its surroundings. The microbes frequently employed as the biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Anbaena (nitrogen fixers), Pseudomonas putida, Mycorrhizal fungi, etc. Likewise, phytohormone/auxin-producing bacteria could also be utilized as biofertilizers. Three Azospirillum trends (A. lipoferum, A. brasilense and A. irakiens) were applied in Ahvaz climate condition and nitrogen treatments were applied at rates of 100 and 75%, respectively. This work is aimed at standardizing and validating of Azospirillum trends as an alternative to seed inoculation technique. The effect of soil Azospirillum trends population were ascertained which A. brasilense also adversely affected the soil's physical, chemical, and biological traits and barley yield, probably because high amounts of nitrogen were introduced into the soil by the vinasse, which destabilized its structure. Barley yield increased 24.5% with A.brasilense, 12.7% with A. lipoferum and 8.4% with A. irakiens at 75% and 100% nitrogen than control treatments. These results suggest that the chemical composition of the three Azospirillum species notably influenced the soil properties and therefore the barley yield parameters of the three Azospirillum studied, alone the application of nitrogen originated a positive effect in soil and barley yield parameters.

Soybean antioxidant enzymes activity can change within different herbicide and herbicide active ingredient rates application but it is not corroborating to all herbicides and doses, hence more survey will help to identify herbicide effect on soybean antioxidant enzymes. Goals was to estimate five antioxidant soybean enzyme activities during herbicide tank-mix under different reduced rate exposure. Completely randomized factorial design with 3 replications was used to survey data variance and simple mean comparison used to compare treatment effect on enzymes activity. Herbicide treatment were apply at soybean v2 growth stage by backpack sprayer with v type nuzzle. There were two main treatment consist of herbicide treatment in 7 level composed of single exert of Imazethapyr, Bentazon and sethoxydim, doubled solution of Imazethapyr + Bentazon, Imazethapyr + sethoxydim and Bentazon + Sethoxydim and tripled solution, consist of Imazethapyr + Bentazon + sethoxydim active ingredients. Second treatment was herbicide different rates in 3 levels, where it was compose of: full herbicide dose (equals to 100% of producer recommended dose), reduced to 60% of recommended active ingredient per acre and reduced to 30% of recommended active ingredient per acre. Minimum SOD activity registered at imazethapyr + bentazon + sethoxydim which it was 1.9 iu that induced at reduced rate of 10, 96 and 37 gr a.i ha-1 respectively. In contrast ascorbate peroxidase increased dramatically at bentazon treatment over 960 gr a.i ha-1, which it raises from 1.2 i.u in control to 7.2. Lowest APX activity demonstrated at imazethapyr + bentazon + sethoxydim which used as reduced rate of 30% of full recommended dose of each solution that it fit to 10, 96 and 37 gr a.i ha-1 respectively. Maximum APX activity that registered 7.2 i.u recorded at bentazon in full rate of 960 gr a.i ha-1. Sethoxydim at full rate of 375 gr a.i ha-1 induced maximum CAT activity, where registered 5.2 i.u, which in compare of control treatment in raised 10 times. Accordance to other enzymes, minimum CAT activity obtained at reduced to 30% of label recommended of imazethapyr + bentazon + sethoxydim treatment. Throughout all treatment by reducing herbicide rates enzymes activity diminished, similarly tank-mixed herbicide lower enzymes activity which it led to promote using reduced herbicide rate on soybean.

Seed yield, as the most important quantitative characteristic, will be a result of genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction effects.
Current study was done to assess effect of different rate of combination fertilizer and biological fertilizer and type of application biofertilizer on effective characteristics on seed yield.
This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2020-2021 year. The treatments included different rate of combination Nitrogen fertilizer and Biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) (a1: 100% nitrogen with nonuse of Fla Wheat as control or N100/F0, a2: 70% Nitrogen with Fla Wheat or N70/F1, a3: 40% Nitrogen with Fla Wheat or N40/F1) and several methods of applying biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) (b1: 100% Seed treatment, b2: 100% by irrigation, b3: 50% seed treatment with 50% by irrigation).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of fertilizer combination, method of application fertilizes (instead NAR, CGR, spike length and number of spikelet per spike) and interaction effect of treatments (instead LAI, NAR, CGR, spike length, seed nitrogen content, seed protein content, number of spike per m2, number of spikelet per spike) on all measured traits was significant. The most positive and significant correlation was observed between seed yield and biologic yield (0.992**), harvest index (0.910**), 1000 seed weight (0.895**), number of seed per spikelet (0.771**), number of spike per square meter (0.707**) at 1% probability level. The traits of seed protein content (-0.680*), number of seed per spike (0.662*), spike length (0.653*), number of spikelet per spike (0.651*) and nitrogen protein content (-0.611*) had correlation with the seed yield was significant at 5% probability level.
Characteristics such as of biologic yield, harvest index 1000 seed weight, number of seed per spikelet and number of spike per square meter had the most positive-direct effects on wheat seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

The high cost of fertilizers has increased the production expenses so that the farmers are using imbalance fertilizers, which results in lower nutrients uptake and then lower quality of plants. Bio-fertilizers play a very significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, both, in association with plant roots and without it, insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil.
This was study was done to assess the effect of nutrition matter (chemical and biologic fertilizer) and tuber weights on plant height, LAI and tuber yield.
This research was carried out via split-split-plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plots included feeding by chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer (a1: 180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer from urea source, 150 kg.ha-1 P2O5 from triple superphosphate source and 100 kg.ha-1 potassium from potassium sulfate source, a2: 1 kg.ha-1 humic acid and 100 grams per hectare phosphorus biofertilizer, a3: chemical fertilizer, humic acid and phosphorus biofertilizer). The sub-plots included three tuber weights (b1: small or less than 75g, b2: medium or between 70-140g, b3: large or more than 10g), and potato cultivar (c1: Arinda, c2: Savalan and c3: Sante) belonged to sub-sub-plots.
According result of analysis of variance effect of fertilizer (instead plant height), tuber yield and cultivar on studied traits was significant. The results showed that the highest potato yield of 33.4 tons per hectare was obtained in the Savalan cultivar with tuber size less than 75 grams and feeding with humic acid + phosphorus biofertilizer, which was not significantly different from the Sante variety with the same nutritional conditions and tuber size (33.06 tons per hectare).
In general, the use of phosphorus biofertilizer and humic acid improved the studied characteristics of potatoes in the climatic conditions of North Khuzestan. Therefore, it is recommended to use mentioned fertilizers and Savalan cultivar with a tuber size of less than 75 grams in these areas.