Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Autumn 2022

Water deficit is considered among the abiotic stresses most impacting agriculture for its ability to interfere with crop development and quality. Practices and innovations that could contain the deleterious effects of such stress with copper and manganese are importance for maintaining acceptable crop yields. In this study water deficit stress (end of irrigation at initiation of corn formation) on maize seedlings and the effects of Cu++ and Mn++, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation products (MDA), total markers compounds (8-oH-dg), were investigated in control samples, in samples treated with CuSo4 alone, and in samples treated with MnSO4. The experiment was conducted to split split plot based on randomized complete block design such as water deficit in main plot (normal and end of irrigation at initiation of corn formation), copper sulphate (0, 15 and 30 kg.ha-1) in sub plots and manganese (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg.ha-1) which foliar application at 50 and 60 days after sowing with three replicates, respectively. The results showed that Cu++ and Mn++ significantly mitigated the impact of the water deficit stress on seed yield and ChlA, ChlB and reduced the chemical markers activity. Regarding the oxidative status these elements revealed lower amounts of 8-oH-dg and MDA, while maize seedlings grown with water deficit alone exhibited the highest increases in reactive oxygen species. The explanation for these effects is provided by highlighting the effectiveness of the elements in avoiding to oxidative stress, which resulted in a lower content of H2O2, MDA and 8-oH-dg activity. Thus the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-oH-dg (Di hydroxy guanosine) was significant decreased by Cu (15 kg.ha-1) and Mn (20 kg.ha-1) in comparison with other treatments.

The use of plant growth regulators is a agronomic strategy that researchers are interested in to compensate or moderate the negative effect of environmental stress. One of the most important physiological effects of these factors is increasing the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of delay in planting on leaf area index and seed growth process and yield formation of three wheat cultivars and how these cultivars respond to paclobutrazol consumption. Current research was done in two cropping years 2020-21 and 2021-22 in a farm located in Izeh city, in the northeast of Khuzestan province. It was implemented as a split factorial in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor included planting date (November 16, December 11, and January 5) and the secondary factor factorially included bread wheat cultivars (Karim, Mehregan, and Chamran 2) and the use of paclobutrazol (0, 60, 120 mg.lit-1). The results showed that with the application of paclobutrazol, the length of the filling period and seed yield increased significantly. The leaf area index increased up to the application of 60 mg.lit-1, but the seed filling rate was not affected by the application of paclobutrazol. The highest seed filling period was observed on the sowing date of November 16 (21 days) and the lowest on the sowing date of January 5 (19 days). With delay in planting, the duration of seed filling period decreased. On the planting dates of November 16 and December 11, the use of 60 mg.lit-1 of paclobutrazol and on the delayed planting date of January 5, the use of 120 mg.lit-1 of paclobutrazol led to an increase in seed yield compared to the conditions of not using paclobutrazol. The effect of using paclobutrazol on seed yield is positive, and by increasing the use of paclobutrazol (120 mg.lit-1), it moderates the negative effects caused by the delay in planting. With the application of 60 mg.lit-1 of paclobutrazol, the seed yield of Chamran 2 cultivar was higher on the two planting dates of November 16 (6940.85 kg.ha-1) and December 11 (6779.47 kg.ha-1) compared to other treatment levels.

Zinc is an essential low-use element involved in the activity of various enzymes. Carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, contains zinc and requires zinc for its activity. Zinc plays a role in protein metabolism, gene expression, structural and functional integrity of biological membranes and photosynthetic carbon metabolism.
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer on the amount of proline and zinc element in leaves and the yield of barley cultivars under saline water irrigation conditions.
This research was done according split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was carried out in the Station of Agricultural Research in Kabutrabad, Isfahan. Zinc sulfate application three levels (0, 0.5 and 1%) as the main factor and three cultivars (Armaghan (sensitive to stress), Goharan (tolerant to drought) and Mehr (tolerant to salinity)) were considered as secondary factor.
The highest content of zinc in leaves (45.9 mg.kg-1) and number of seeds per spike (37.2) was observed with 1% zinc sulfate solution in Mehr cultivar. With 1% zinc sulfate foliar application, Mehr and Goharan cultivars had more leaf proline, 21.3% and 15.3%, respectively, compared to Armaghan cultivar. Foliar appkication of zinc sulfate with a concentration of 1% in Mehr, Goharan and Armaghan cultivars significantly increased seed yield by 22.2, 25.7 and 0.29%, respectively, compared to no foliar application of sulfate fertilizer.
In general, the results of the research showed that under irrigation water salinity conditions, Mehr varieity was superior to Gohran and Armaghan cultivars in terms of seed yield in response to zinc sulfate application.

Zinc is one of the low consumption elements required by plants, which plays an important role in photosynthesis.
The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of zinc sulfate on barley crop production and introduce the best cultivar affected dry and warm climatic conditions.
Current research was done according factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (Ramin) in 2018. Treatment included four different concentrations of zinc (0, 15, 30, 45 kg.ha-1) and three varieties of barley (Sarasari 13, Sarsari 10 and Nimrouz).
By using 45 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare, the highest leaf area index (5.65) was obtained, which showed 31% increase compared to the treatment without zinc sulfate. Consumption of 45 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare, the highest chlorophyll index (46.8) was obtained, which showed 17% increase compared to the treatment without zinc sulfate. The highest seed yield and seed zinc percentage were obtained under the consumption of 45 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare, respectively (3325 kg.ha-1 and 54.2 mg.kg-1). Varieties had a significant effect on all investigated traits, except for leaf area index, seed and plant zinc content.
So that the highest seed yield was obtained in the Sarasari 10 cultivar with an average of 3327 kg.ha-1. By increasing the consumption of zinc sulfate fertilizer, the yield and zinc content of the seed increased. The Sarasari 10 cultivar showed better reaction to zinc sulfate.

Nutrient management may be achieved by the involvement of organic sources, bio-fertilizers, and micro-nutrients. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers to achieve high yield and to compensate for lack of nutrients and consequently the increase of production costs and destruction of soil and water resources have made the specialists interested in healthy and stable crop systems in terms of ecology. This research was done to assess effect of different levels of biologic and chemical fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Bread wheat. Current study was conducted according split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The main plot included Biofertilizer at two levels (a1: nonuse of biofertilizer, a2: use of biofertilizer) also the chemical fertilizer in six levels (b1: nonuse of fertilizer use, b2: 100% triple superphosphate, b3: 100% liquid phosphorus, b4: 50% triple superphosphate + 50% phosphorus liquid, b5: 75% triple superphosphate + 25% liquid phosphorus, b6: 25% triple superphosphate + 75% liquid phosphorus) were belonged to sub-plot. According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of Biofertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits was significant. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits revealed the highest amount of seed yield (488.4 gr.m-2), plant height (95.2 cm), spike length (11.4 cm), leaf area index (5.4) and seed protein content (14%) were noted for use of biofertilizer and 75% triple superphosphate + 25% liquid phosphorus and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to control treatment. Generally apply 75% triple superphosphate + 25% liquid phosphorus treatment resulted in an increase of about 22.5% compared to the control treatments and can be advised to producers in studied region.

Nitrogen (N) is a key constituent of all living cells and is essential for the growth and development of plants. The phenological stages of growth and development are delayed due to nitrogen deficiency. The results of the research have shown that nitrogen deficiency causes a delay in the emergence of leaves. Increasing nitrogen consumption in terms of positive effect on the leaf area index and its durability creates a strong and sufficient physiological source to supply the necessary materials for the growth of vegetative parts such as stems. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important agricultural factors that has significant effects on growth indices, so that with the proper use of this fertilizer, a balanced combination of growth indices can be achieved in plant canopy and increase the grain yield. Due to the fact that most of the growth indices are directly or indirectly dependent on the leaf area index, changing this index by changing the amount of nitrogen consumption is one of the most practical ways to increase yield. Several studies have confirmed the positive effect of nitrogen on increasing the grain yield, the number of seeds per ear and the weight of the seeds in different corn hybrids. N fertilizer is the second largest requirement after water in crop production, and N is the most common yield-limiting nutrient deficiency. This element is absorbed by plants from the soil. Therefore, providing enough usable nitrogen in the soil for optimal plant growth is of particular importance. The low N use of the crop indicates that uptake is inefficient or higher than the plant's requirement. The optimal amount of nitrogen consumption depends on various factors such as water supply in the soil, density and the variety used. For example, increasing the water supply in the soil increases the yield of crops in response to nitrogen consumption, especially if the amount of fertilizer consumption is high. In this research, the relationship between the available water of the corn plant and the amount of nitrogen consumption has been investigated in order to achieve solutions to increase the efficiency of input consumption and reduce costs in different humidity conditions with optimal nitrogen consumption.