Earth and statistics
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Winter 2023

In this study, the study region is Zagros orogenic belt in the southwest of Iran and it is situated in the structural zones called Sanandaj-Sirjan (the northeastern half of the region) and crushed Zagros (southwestern half of the region). In this study, the basic Guttenberg-Richter method as well as the updated Kiko-Selovel method have been used and the Kiko-Selovel method is based on the double bounded Guttenberg-Richter distribution function so that the importance of applying novel methods can be more clarified through the comparison of the results. In order to investigate the depth phase of the earthquakes in the studied domain, the data obtained from the earthquakes’ epicentral mechanism was utilized. To do so, the focal data of the studied region’s design level earthquake mechanisms were extracted within a 200-kilometer distance from such credible websites as USGS, NEIC, and CMT and the form of their epicentral mechanism was drawn using WInTensor Software and based on the obtained results, the maximum seismic power of the intended faults ranges from 5.8 to 7.8 in the Richter scale. Moreover, the highest seismic powers were found respectively pertaining to Main Zagros’s thrust fault (M=7.8), high Zagros (M=7.6), Kushk Nosrat (M=7.5), Lahbari 9M=7.5), F3 (M=7.4), Zardkuh (M=7.2) and Ardal (M=7.4). The largest horizontal accelerations obtained in the deterministic approach are 0.23g, 0.18g, and 0.17g, respectively. Furthermore, the largest horizontal and orthogonal accelerations in the probabilistic approach and the DBE design level are 0.30g and 0.14g, respectively

Groundwater depletion in recent decades has always been considered due to the supply of water needs as well as its improper abstraction. Groundwater levels are continuously changing over time and in a spatial range. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in groundwater levels in Markazi province from 1981 to 2018 at ten-year intervals. The innovation of this research is the study of spatiotemporal changes by creating continuous groundwater levels in different years. In order to implement the research, first, the desired data were collected and after controlling the accuracy of the data, continuous levels were created for the starting year of each decade. Grubbs analysis was used to remove the outlier data and Universal Kriging (UK) interpolation method was used to create surface data for each year. To determine the amount of change, each level was subtracted from the previous level. This process was performed consecutively for ten-year periods. The results of the comparison in the first, second, third, and last ten years show an average decrease of 1.8, 4.9, 5.7, and 3.1 meters in groundwater level, respectively. Therefore, the greatest decrease in water level occurred at the beginning of the new century and then the groundwater level has been decreasing sharply. An average of 15.5 meters decrease in 37 years shows that the necessary measures should be taken regarding the crisis of groundwater depletion, which has a direct impact on agricultural water supply and subsidence in the province

Review:The purpose of this study is to identify the missing and unknown data of the sandstones of Qom Formation based on the available geochemical data and to complete the information of the rock units of this formation in the data mining methods that are used to predict and track the analyzes used in The sample obtained Some data are unknown. For this purpose, after conducting geological studies, 30 samples were taken for XRD-XRF analysis. The samples are then analyzed by two methods of multiple linear correlation and curve fitting models to identify the best model and description for such unspecified data that are in some elements of the sample. The results of this study show that multivariate linear regression (MLR) should be used to predict samples that have a large amount of uncertain data and univariate methods in such fits can not provide accurate information.okokokok

Pedestrians are regarded as one of the most vulnerable road users and the source of large number of fatalities or injuries in case of road accidents. Accordingly, in recent years efforts have been carried out to present the methods in order to investigate whether there is and organized pattern among accidents. When dealing with spatio-temporal data such as traffic accidents, the effects of events locating in the neighboring of others cannot be ignored. In this research, pedestrian accidents in Mashhad, Iran over five years of study, 2012-2016 have been considered. By aggregating traffic data over 253 traffic analyses zone (TAZ), spatio-temporal relationships have been conducted using Kernel Density Estimation and radar graphs. In the next step, the meaningful factors affecting the pedestrian accident occurrence have been investigated and inattention and speeding have found to be as the most leading cause of pedestrian occurrence respectively. The results of this paper can provide the traffic engineers with an insight into regions with the clustering of pedestrian accident that need more attention and assigning budget and time from transportation authorities.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite is a continuation of the GRACE satellite mission in 2018. GRACE-FO provides relevant information about the water cycle and TWS. Based on GRACE-FO observations, mass changes can be studied temporarily. Greenland, South Africa, Antarctica, parts of Alaska and Bangladesh have a lot of mass loss. In the Middle East, Saudi Arabia and the Caspian Sea also mass loss on average between mid-2019 and mid-2020. The Caspian Sea is bordered by Iran, Russia to the north, Russia and the Republic of Azerbaijan to the west, and the Republics of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan to the east. The northern part of the Caspian Sea is very shallow. Caspian Sea Level (CSL) has been declining in recent years. In this research, gravimetric satellites have been investigated for CSL. The rate of decrease of the Caspian Sea is 3.87 cm/year. The results also show that the decrease in CSL in the north compared to the center and south is almost half, which needs further investigation.

In this study, evidential layers for porphyry copper mineralization, including geology, lineaments, geophysics, and geochemistry of the Geological map at 1: 100,000 scale of the Chahargonbad district, were weighted and integrated using new and innovative hybrid methods to produce a mineral potential map. For this purpose, all exploration data were first preprocessed and processed using valid and proper methods, and accurate evidential layers were produced. Then, each layer was evaluated, and finally, all evidential layers were integrated to obtain a mineral prospectivity map for porphyry Cu mineralization of the study area. To weigh, evaluate and validate each of the evidential layers and the obtained mineral prospectivity maps, plots of concentration–area (C–A) fractal model and prediction–area (P–A) and normalized density (Nd) as approved methods were conducted. Also, two-hybrid methods of fuzzy gamma and a multi-criteria decision-making outranking method “MOORA” have been applied to mineralization potential mapping. The fuzzy gamma and MOORA results show ore prediction rates of 71% and 76%, which identify 29% and 24% of the area as potential zones. Accordingly, the MOORA method can be used efficiently for mineral prospectivity mapping for further exploration studies.