مجله زیست فناوری گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1402)

Potato is one of the most important sources in the supply of food and industrial raw materials not only in Iran but also in the world which its yield is affected by various pathogens. Among these pathogens, PVY, PVX and nematode are the main factors of yield reduction. The molecular mechanism underlying disease resistance in potato remains largely unknown. In this study, analysis of gene expression profiles from the GEO data of three pathogen infections in potato was performed and morphological traits under four stresses were investigated. For this purpose, 501 common genes with different expression (DEGs) were studied in two experiments. Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs are more involved in nitrogen and primary metabolic cycle, GTP binding and GTPase binding, which are continuously up-regulated after inoculation with different pathogens. Based on the analysis of morphological traits under four stresses, PVY and PVX/PVY interaction left a significant difference with other stresses (PVX and nematode) on these traits. Potato microarray data extracted from GEO database were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Based on the results of the network, 2 groups (modules) of genes were obtained whose expression profiles were highly correlated with each other in response to the above-mentioned four stresses. The results of this experiment provide valuable insight into the pathways and genes affected by PVY, PVX, PVX/PVY and potato nematode viruses, which may facilitate to identify genes resistant to many diseases in potato.

This study was aimed to investigate the reaction of wheat different genotypes to callus induction in the mature embryo stage and the relationship between the traits obtained from the tissue culture and the agronomic traits. A field experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Razi University. In the callus induction stage, mature embryos of 25 bread wheat genotypes from a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized basic design including two factors, genotype at 25 levels and 2, 4-D hormone at 3 levels of 1, 2 and 3 mg/L and kinetin 0.2 mg/L was used in six replications. Variance analysis in tissue culture conditions showed that there is a significant difference between genotypes in terms of all investigated traits except the percentage of relative water content of callus. Cluster analysis under laboratory and field conditions showed that genotypes No. 15 (WC-47638), 6 (WC-4840), 13 (WC-5001), 18 (WC-47569) and the Pishtaz cultivar were jointly superior in both conditions and they took the highest values of callus diameter, callus fresh weight, callus growth rate, grain yield, chaff yield, xteragen length, grain weight per spike, peduncle to height ratio, harvest index, seed filling period, vegetative growth rate and seed filling rate. Based on the path analysis in irrigation conditions, the traits of 1000 seed weight, number of seeds per spike, vegetative growth rate, length of other internodes, number of spikes per square meter, grain weight per spike and days to appearance of spike have the most direct effect on tissue culture traits. Also, according to the first canonical function for tissue culture traits (V1) and agronomic traits (W1) in rainfed conditions, plants with higher values of grain yield, larger callus diameter, and with a higher weight of 1000 seeds have a higher callus growth rate and in irrigation conditions, plants with high grain yield and grain weight per spike, callus growth speed is higher. Based on the obtained results, the investigated traits are suitable criteria for selecting cultivars in in vivo and in vitro conditions.

To investigate the effect of salt stress on the growth and phytochemical characteristics in the in vitro cultivation of Nitraria schoberi, an experiment was conducted in the form of a factorial design with a completely random basis. The treatments included different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 50 and 100 mM) and sodium sulfate (0, 10 and 20 mM). First, the seeds were germinated in vitro and then the cotyledon leaves with the hypocotyl of germinated seeds were placed as explants in MS cultivation environment with 2 mg/L BAP, 0.5 mg/L IBA, and the mentioned treatments. The explants were placed in the growth room under the conditions of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness at a temperature of 25±2. After 4 weeks, stem length, number of leaves, and total phenol and flavonoids were measured. The results of variance analysis showed that different levels of salt have a significant effect (at the 99% level) on the growth indices of seedlings such as the length of the stem and the number of leaves, as well as on the total amount of phenol and flavonoid in the tissue of leaves. Based on comparisons, the maximum length of the stem (4.3 cm) and the number of leaves (5.5) related to the cultivation environment without salt and the highest amount of total phenol (35.37 mg/g) and flavonoid (24.6 mg/g) g/g) related to the cultivation environment containing 50 mM sodium chloride with 10 mM sodium sulfate.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an annual, self-pollinated and diploid plant belonging to the potato family (Solanaceae). Different types of this plant form an important part of the world's diet. Bacterial diseases are one of the most important factors limiting tomato production worldwide. In the present study, by using transcriptome (RNA-seq) analysis followed by gene network analysis, the key genes involved in response to bacterial diseases were identified and their various characteristics were investigated. The results of the transcriptome analysis showed that bacterial pathogens have different effects on the transcriptome of tomato. Further analysis revealed 913 common differentially expressed genes among different bacterial treatments. Network analysis identified five key genes named large guanine nucleotide binding protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase 5, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7, heat shock protein 90 kDa and hop-interacting protein. Further analysis of identified key genes showed that all of them contain biotic stress related regulatory elements (w-box, WRE3 and WUN-motif) in their promoter region and have an important role in responding to biotic stresses. The key genes identified in this research can be used in classic breeding programs or in production of disease-resistant transgenic plants after a more detailed examination.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is recognized as one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide and its development of cultivation has received attention due to the importance of importing oil. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of drought stress on some Rapeseed genotypes under tissue culture and field conditions and to identify stable genotypes in the field. The possible responses of 14 different canola genotypes to Callus induction resulting from Hypocotyl cultivation and evaluation their drought tolerance were studied using Polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) at five different levels, including zero (as control), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% PEG concentrations based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Measured traits included relative growth rate, growth rate, relative water content, and proline content of the Callus. Furthermore, in the field sector, the genotypes were investigated in four environments (two consecutive years in 2016-2018 under rainfed and irrigated conditions) based on randomized complete block design with three replications. According to the Callus culture results, the assessed traits, except the Proline content of Callus, decreased with increasing stress level. In laboratory conditions, genotype number seven (Dante) was introduced as the superior genotype. The results of Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis showed the significance of both additive effects of genotype and environment and the multiplicative effect of genotype × environment interaction. The results of cumulative additive effects (decomposition of variance) and multiplicative interaction effects (decomposition into principal components) showed that the first two components explained 53.02 and 33.65% of the variance of the interaction effect for oil yield. Dante and SLM-046 genotypes were introduced as stable genotypes.

Suaeda salsa is an annual halophyte with nutritional value and high salt tolerance, making it crucial as an oil, medicinal, and edible plant. Currently, there is limited research in the field investigating metabolic diversity in S. salsa. In this study, our aim was to understand the salinity tolerance mechanism by examining metabolic diversity, specifically the amino acids profile, in S. salsa exposed to 0 mM, 200 mM, and 800 mM NaCl. The results of the physiological study indicated that salinity significantly affected the sodium (Na+) content in the aerial parts of the plant, with a significant increase compared to the control. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that differences in metabolic diversity can explain 96% of the phenotypic variation in S. salsa under salinity stress. Comparison of amino acids profiles at different salinity levels showed the highest accumulation of proline, methionine, citrulline, and lysine under 800 mM salt stress. Given the crucial role of these amino acids in S. Salsa,further studies are necessary to uncover the mechanisms behind the adaptation response.