نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 87 (پاییز 1401)

 The plan of civilized discourse and its requirements, including progress in science and technology, with the aim of obtaining scientific authority from Imam Khamenei, caused the movement towards the realization of this matter to be in the center of attention. According to the importance of the topic, this research was conducted with the aim of explaining the concept and the principles of scientific authority in the civilizational discourse of Imam Khamenei. The research is qualitative and data-based. To analyze the data, two methods of content analysis and theme analysis were used and 101 basic themes, 24 organizing themes and 10 overarching themes were extracted. Based on the findings of the research, the concept of scientific authority in the statements of Imam Khamenei, breaking the scientific line, crossing the borders of the current knowledge of the world, leading in the production of new sciences and discoveries, in other words, leadership, superiority and streamlining of science based on spirituality, justice, ethics And Islamic values are aimed at realizing the new Islamic civilization. Also, based on the results of the research, the drivers of scientific authority in Imam Khamenei's statements are: Islam as an incentive for science; Scientific self-sufficiency and negation of dependence; Ethics-oriented and justice-oriented science; Trying to realize the scientific vision; scientific jihad; Trying to gain scientific authority in the world; useful knowledge; creativity and scientific innovation; Trying to achieve a scientific perspective, a knowledge-based economy; Learning from the experiences of others combined with the production of science. According to the results of the research, among these drivers, scientific jihad is the most frequent.The results of this research show that from Imam Khamenei's point of view, useful science combined with ethics and spirituality is the foundation of modern Islamic civilization and is considered one of its main features and components. From the point of view of the majority, Islam is the biggest promoter of science, and Islamic civilization and Muslims were the flag bearers of science and knowledge and scientific progress in the world for many centuries.

The present work tries to clearly explain the existing duality regarding the concept of scientific authority ("marjiyat") among politicians and policy researchers in the field of science policy by reviewing the existing articles and research works and specifying the characteristics of each of the opposite points of view to make science policy avoid policy divergence caused by verbal similarity.Historically, scientific authority, along with political authority, has been considered one of the dimensions of the authority of the infallible imams. After the statements of the Supreme Leader in 2006 with the students and professors of Imam Sadegh University, the concept of scientific authority entered the vocabulary of Iran's science policy and attracted the attention of researchers. In the following years, attention has been paid to the discussion of scientific authority in the academic environment of Iran, and in addition to the publication of various articles, the spring 2018 special issue of the Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion has also been dedicated to this subject. Most of the existing research has been focused on the statements of the Supreme Leader and high-level policy documents about scientific authority and has considered this concept separate from similar concepts in the global/ English research literature of science policy. Researchers have also dealt with the relationship of scientific authority with soft power and national authority and modeling the methods of achieving scientific authority.The review of the available articles shows that there is no comprehensive intersubjective definition of scientific authority among Iranian politicians and policy researchers. The existence of multiple and incompatible definitions and the need to achieve a specific definition of scientific authority have been the concern of some researchers, but the duality of introspection and extroversion, as the root of the inconsistency of definitions, has not been investigated in any of the previous articles.In this research, a systematic review of the available articles was used based on the NoorMags index. Articles that included the term "scientific marjiyat" in their title, abstract, or keywords were examined in this research. Furthermore, the special issue of "Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion" for scientific authority and the articles of the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress Conference were used as additional sources. The scope of the research was limited to published Persian sources about scientific authority; because scientific authority, in the common policy sense in Iran, is a concept invented locally, and similar concepts in the global research literature cannot represent what and why the concept of scientific authority is.In the next stage, after sifting the articles twice, a thematic analysis of the articles was used to extract the main themes raised in them to define and explain the nature of scientific authority. The main themes were divided into two categories, inwards and outwards, and an attempt was made to explain the nature of each of these two categories and to introduce examples of important sources written based on each perspective.: After sifting the articles, 36 articles were reviewed. Most of them were written in the years 2016 and later, and in the first decade after the topic of scientific authority was raised, this issue was not seriously studied by researchers. After reviewing the articles, 20 main themes were found about what scientific authority: the status of the country, universities, researchers, articles and scientific journals in global rankings; relying on useful science and practical effectiveness; problem-oriention and community needs; scientific independence of the country and freedom from scientific captivity; being global reference point; Islamic orientation and adherence to religious thinking; transforming Persian into an international scientific language; theorizing and expanding the boundaries of science; existence of the complete chain of technology and innovation; global science production pole; self-esteem; historical perspective to scientific authority; global access to scientific products; leadership and non-passive approach in science production; scientific authority and unquestionability of scientific statements; attracting talented people; appropriate research budget in the field of science and technology; becoming a global model of science production; fame as a scientific reference and social image management; and authoring scientific reference books at the global level. These categories can be classified into two groups: inwards and outwards. Outward-looking themes emphasize the definition of the position of scientific authority based on a country's scientific connections with others and the country's position in international scientific communities, and they give importance to international rankings and global scientific communities. On the contrary, inward-looking themes focus on the internal aspects of scientific authority and follow the production of useful science and its use. Some researchers, due to not paying attention to this conceptual duality, have suffered contradictions in their opinions and internal confusion in their writings.Despite the extensive use of an inward-looking point of view by many politicians and political researchers, this point of view is incompatible with the traditional definitions of authority and in practice, it does not provide a proper explanation of scientific authority. "Marja" in the literal meaning and its historical usage means the place of reference. By accepting this definition, marjiyat cannot exist without referents, and scientific reference is defined concerning others and, as a result, in the domain of international scientific communities. The inward-looking perspective does not provide any self-sufficient evaluation criterion. The usefulness, practicality, and impact of science in practice should also be measured in comparison with other countries and based on global rankings of innovation, economic development, etc. Furthermore, in the current situation, the transformation of Persian language into the international language of science does not seem close.Politicians and policymakers should determine their operational definition of scientific authority based on one of the two perspectives presented before making any policy decision and using any type of political tool to improve the state of scientific authority in the country, and their expectations and evaluation criteria should also be based on the selected point of view. Based on what has been said, they have to use an outward-looking perspective in order to have a realistic analysis of scientific authority.

This paper aims to provide a policy mix to support the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities.While gaining scientific authority within humanities disciplines and championing their role in advancing civilization have certainly pervaded policy discourse in recent years, the observation highlights a shortcoming - namely, the lack of a cohesive policy mix to reliably foster the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities. Literature shows that the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities have a rich historical trajectory. Its origins lie in addressing ethical and legal concerns, which then evolved to encompass the establishment of educational and research institutions focused on scientific concepts. Subsequently, humanities began yielding tangible economic and social benefits for industries and society. However, when comparing the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities to fundamental and engineering sciences, a tailored policy framework is indispensable to acknowledge the unique position of humanities within government structures. To shed light on this matter, we conducted an examination of nine esteemed international humanities institutions, including the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), European Social Fund (ESF), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation (OSICP), Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), and Arab Council for the Social Science (ACSS). From this comprehensive analysis, we derived an initial framework aimed at enhancing the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities.We employed a qualitative methodology to contextualize the initial framework within the Iranian context. From January to May 2023, we conducted interviews with 25 experts utilizing the snowball technique, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives. By engaging experts affiliated with various organizations and institutions, e.g., the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Vice-Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-Based Economy, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, and Academy of Sciences of Iran, we sought to minimize bias and capture a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. To analyze the gathered data, we employed the abductive content analysis approach—an esteemed qualitative research method renowned for its ability to unveil patterns, themes, and inherent meanings within textual data. This meticulous, analytical process allowed us to derive valuable insights specific to the Iranian context.Based on our findings, we suggested a set of 18 supports under 5 policy mix to foster the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities. The proposed policy mix, proposed by the authors, encompasses the following.- Supporting applied and developmental research: By allocating resources towards applied research initiatives, we aim to enhance the practical relevance of humanities. This approach ensures that research outcomes contribute directly to societal and economic needs.- Supporting product and service development: We foster their application in real-world contexts by facilitating the development of innovative products and services rooted in humanities. This enables translating theoretical knowledge into tangible solutions for industries and society.- Supporting empowerment and specialized skill enhancement for skilled workers: Recognizing the pivotal role of skilled professionals in driving socio-economic progress, we advocate for initiatives that empower and enhance the expertise of individuals working within humanities-related fields. This support ensures the cultivation of specialized skills needed to address contemporary challenges.- Supporting innovative cultural and social services and centers: By investing in the establishment and sustenance of cultural and social service centers, we create spaces that promote creativity, innovation, and community engagement. This support enables exploring novel ways in which humanities can positively impact society.- Supporting infrastructure development and networking: Recognizing the significance of robust infrastructure and networking opportunities, we emphasize the need for investments in this realm. By fostering a supportive ecosystem, we enable effective collaboration, knowledge sharing, and resource utilization within the humanities community.The policy mix and support measures proposed in this study hold both practical and theoretical implications. They provide a roadmap for directing mechanisms that effectively promote the socio-economic effectiveness and applicability of humanities, ensuring their continued relevance and impact in contemporary society.

Achieving scientific authority is one of the emphases that has been emphasized in the Supreme Leader's orders and it is considered as a strategy in the country's scientific programs in recent years. In the past years, researchers have investigated the dimensions of scientific authority from different aspects. Universities are the main scientific centers of the country and play the most important role in achieving scientific authority. With a systemic view, it can be understood that the movement of universities as components of the country's scientific system towards scientific authority will lead to the achievement of the country's scientific system to regional and international authority. If we consider each university as a set of components related to each other, to achieve the scientific authority of a university, its various components must also move towards achieving scientific authority. One of the most important pillars of the university's education and research system is the academic fields in which professors and students are engaged in learning and acquiring knowledge. Trying to achieve the authority of a university's fields will help the university to achieve scientific authority. On the other hand, the approach taken by the ranking systems for thematic ranking of universities (which can include one or more disciplines) doubles the importance of this matter. As a result, in this research, the research problem has been defined as identifying the factors that affect the achievement of the authority of the disciplines.Academic disciplines play a role in achieving scientific authority from different perspectives, but their effectiveness is different. Therefore, finding authority indicators from the perspective of disciplines can be considered a new concept in the field of studies related to scientific authority. The purpose of this research is to identify the authority indicators of fields from the perspective of experts. This research was conducted at Allameh Tabataba'i University one of the important universities in the country to identify these indicators from the perspective of prominent professors, educational and research experts. The results of this research can be generalized on a wider level and in other universities.Because the issue of authority components of disciplines has been less discussed in previous research, it was first necessary to identify any component that is related to scientific authority, especially related to academic disciplines, by reviewing the literature and previous researches. This work was done in the second part and in the third part the most important concepts that we need in this research were explained. But to complete these components, it is necessary to use the opinion of experts. Allameh Tabataba'i University, as a specialized university in the field of humanities and one of the first-level universities in the country, has defined one of its main goals to achieve scientific authority in the field of humanities. The area chosen to conduct this research is Allameh Tabataba’i University.In the first part of the research, the databases of Science Direct and Google Scholar were searched between 2000 to 2022 with the keywords of scientific authority, field authority, the competitive advantage of the university and its Latin equivalents. Among the 618 related articles found, four criteria of keyword assignment, research topic, access level to the article and screening were used to include or not include the research. Among these, articles related to non-academic fields were excluded. Again, the articles were reviewed in terms of repetition and availability, and the remaining 112 articles were reviewed in terms of content, quality, and methodology, and finally, the remaining 21 articles were carefully reviewed.In the second part of the research, in order to calculate additional indicators, semi-structured interviews with an exploratory approach have been used. According to the purpose of this research, which is to identify the factors affecting scientific authority, Allameh Tabataba'i University was selected as a specialized humanities university and one of the pioneers of the movement towards scientific authority to conduct research. According to the developed strategic plan of the university, the main goal is to achieve scientific authority in humanities which is the dominant discourse of the university. In this connection, experts who had outstanding educational and research records and opinions in the field of scientific authority were introduced through the supervision and evaluation office of the Vice-Chancellor of Allameh Tabataba'i University. Among the people, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 16 experts who were willing to be interviewed.Examining the results of this research showed that the main components affecting the scientific authority of the fields include: Customization/Islamization, Applicability, Identity, Technological infrastructure, Promotional activities, Attractiveness, International interactions, and Employment of prominent professors.Some of the components of authority need to spend money and resources, which needs some kind of prioritization according to the limitations that exist. The components identified and confirmed in this research can help in the evaluation of university courses to achieve scientific authority. The fields that get more points according to the indicators mentioned in this research can be called authoritative fields. Universities should focus on these fields due to budget limitations to achieve scientific authority. On the other hand, other disciplines can use the values of the indicators related to authoritative disciplines as their goal to improve and move towards scientific authority

This research aims to 1) assess the rate of growth of a country's international scientific collaborations and its impact on its scientific impact compared to other countries in the world, 2) depict the status of universities and research centers with higher scientific output in the country in this regard, and 3) provide strategies for making research with international collaboration more effective.Globally, the share of internationally collaborative articles is growing at a relatively high pace, and Iran is no exception to this trend. Although this category of articles, on average, receives higher citations compared to other articles, this rule does not apply universally. One of the effective factors in increasing the citation impact of articles is the composition of the research team.Scientometric methods were employed. Data from international documents from Iran and the world over the past 15 years were analyzed based on the databases of InCites and Web of Science from Clarivate Analytics.The research findings indicated that the rate of growth of international scientific collaborations, while accelerating in recent years, has not yet kept pace with the country's scientific development. Although internationally collaborative articles have played a key role in Iran's scientific imapct, the impact of internationally collaborative articles needs improvement compared to other leading scientific powers worldwide. The attention of universities and research centers to the development of international interactions significantly affects the increase in their scientific impact. Some universities and research centers in the country have been more successful in developing internationally scientific collaborations, but they have not fully utilized the capacity of scientific collaboration for scientific impact purposes. The impact level of collaborators, the level of productivity, and the number of internationally collaborative articles are key factors that effectively increase the scientific impact of articles resulting from international collaborations.To elevate the level of scientific impact in the country, it is necessary to take a strategic approach to the selection of collaborators. Research groups composed of researchers with a higher citation impact, higher productivity, and greater international collaboration have a significant effect on the number of citations received by research resulting from effective collaboration. Therefore, changes in regulations that support international collaborations, raising awareness among policymakers and researchers regarding the impact of selecting collaborators on research impact, and the deployment of matching tools will lead to a greater utilization of international collaborations for the advancement of scientific impact.

Higher education as an organized and planned social system (Mazo, 2021) is considered to deal with all kinds of social, political, economic, and geographical inequalities in low-income and less-developed countries. This institution, as an institution that has the task of socialization, guides the seekers of knowledge in a defined process in the cognitive and psychological field and creates characteristics in him and several functions for it is listed (Shaoming & Hui-Shu, 2014; Mapulanga, 2014; Rezaei, 2019).What is the main mission of universities is a subject that is a subject of controversy and research not only in Iran, but also in the world community and the educational systems of different countries, and it has been raised as an important challenge. Challenges such as the diversity in Canadian universities, the abundance of environmental information and the early non-compliance of German universities with them, the risk of reputation, the size and international and research orientation or the degree of the academy in English universities, lack of uniformity, lack of clear direction, weak regulatory standards, lack of resources, and corruption have been introduced in Pakistan universities. This diversity in challenges led to generational paradigmatic changes in higher education and we are currently in the fifth generation. This generation sequence can somehow be attributed to the lack of understanding of the society's situation and the future compared to the real needs. Perhaps the idea of a Meta-generation University can be presented as an alternative for university generations. Meta-generation University is a university that is based on general, stable and universal principles and seeks to provide the basis for achieving the prosperity of the society by producing science, knowledge and technology. On the other hand, the issue of the academic authority of the university system is seriously emphasized in the 1404 vision document, the comprehensive scientific map of the country, and the fifth development plan. According to the research, reference strategy is identified with factors such as focus, capabilities, use of opportunities, competitive advantage, determining the scope of action and choosing the scientific field. These factors appear in the context of the university system, which is not captured by the passing waves in the scientific world and cannot forget its mission and mission despite frequent turbulences.Rereading the paradigmatic change of academic generations has at least a few clear messages: First, the university and the institution of science, research and culture, rather than being a driver, has determined and pursued its direction, subject to external developments, environmental conditions, and external requirements. Second, the expectation from the institution of science, research, and technology in the past periods has been superficial and partial, not fundamental and deep, and for this reason, we have witnessed major changes in academic generations. Thirdly, the classification of academic generations is affected by It has been the philosophy and worldview of the thinkers in this field. For this reason, with the rise and fall of philosophical theories and worldviews, these generations have been formed or gone out of center. Therefore, the classification of university generations is based on three keywords, which can be referred to as the triangle of inefficiency of universities, and those three terms are contingency, passivity, and expiration.To deal with the lack of stability in academic generations, the idea of a "Wisdom-based University" can be proposed. Wisdom-based University is an institution that is the starting point of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress. Imam Khomeini said in this regard: "If the universities are not repaired and our schools are not repaired, we have no hope of finding the Islamic Republic" (Jafari, Seyedjavadi & Zaboli, 2021). This active role of higher education and consequently the university system is because universities have basic scientific actors who conduct research at the frontiers of knowledge and establish scientific authority.The Nth generation of universities is based on three stable principles, which are comprehensiveness, multifacetedness, and intelligence, instead of the triad of contingency, passivity, and expiration. These three elements can be found more than any other model in the model of Wisdom-based University. In Meta-generation and Wisdom-based Universities, talking about generation as an approach or paradigm does not have an expiry date, but this particular university system aims to divide universities into different generations while accelerating changes. In today's environment, these classifications will be nothing but a fruitless attempt to accompany and harmonize with external developments, and we must seek to go beyond the definitions and limitations of generations, a great mission that is the truth of existence and deep insight is based on monotheistic and divine worldview, it should be at the forefront. This long-lasting academic generation emphasizes Wisdom-based Universities because it considers the mission of universities to be transcendental and trans-spatial. A university that seeks to build a society based on ethics and transcendence based on monotheistic naturalism for the education of a transcendent human being; and it is not built in response to problems, problems, and environmental issues. In other words, a Wisdom-based University does not act passively to define the environment of its mission and to give it a special generation title to create a new generation. It determines the mission of the society and human happiness