نشریه زیست فناوری گیاهان دارویی
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

In order to study of effect of foliar application salicylic acid on some morphophytochemicals and antioxidant of artichoke under Salt Stress, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications at seedling stage was conducted at Greenhouse Research farm of the University of Zabol. Experimental treatments included salinity stress in 3 levels (0 , 6 , and 12 m M) and salicylic acid at 3 levels (0 , 200 , and 400 m M) . The results showed maximum numbers and length of leaves, plant height, fresh and dry weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of root were afforded by using 400 m M salicylic acid. The highest amount of total phenolic content, flavonoids, atioxidant capacity and carbohydrates were related to 400 mM salicylic acid and 12 m M salinity (0.47, 0.56, 31.24 and 5.65 respectively). On the other hand the highest of prolin (0.51) was observed in 200 m M salicylic acid and 12 m M salinity. In general could said that stress causes damaging effects of on plants and the use of salicylic acid increases the plant tolerance to salt stress.

The Cathrantus roseus plant is a shrub, perennial and medicinal plant Of the Lamiaceae family. One of the methods for improving vegetative conditions in arid and desert regions is the study of the roots colonization of plants with mycorrhizal fungi. For this purpose, the present study was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized block design with four replications in Yazd University of Agriculture. The studied factors included 1- treatment of native mycorrhizal fungi with two levels (fungicidal and non-fungal) 2- drought stress treatments (containing 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). After three months, the pots were degraded and morphological characteristics such as number of leaves, stem height, size of the largest root length, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root, root to shoot ratio, and percentage of colonization the root was measured. The results showed that, except for the root to shoot ratio, fungal treatments significantly reduced the fresh weight of the shoot, root length, and vitality (p<0.05).Increasing dry weight treatments, height, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoot, root fresh weight, dry weight of shoot, root dry weight, root length, and salinity significantly decreased (p<0.05).The results showed that this type of fungus in this study had the most impact on the plant's underground organs and that the highest amount of food and water was used for root preparation for better plant establishment. It seems that by case of the continuation of the survey to the next year with increasing root volume and colonization with mycorrhizal fungi more positive changes occur in the plant.

Deficit irrigation is one of the new ways to reduce the effects of drought stress because crops can be supplied with available water in a controlled manner throughout the growing season. In order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on two local variety of ajwain, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in the Research Farm of University of Birjand, Iran. The factors included three levels of soil moisture deficit (SMD: 50, 75 and 100 percent of field capacity), and two landraces of ajwain (Birjand and Sistan). Vegetative traits including plant height, leaf area and weight, yield components and quantitative and qualitative yield were measured. Resutls revealed that a reduction in the irrigation level, from 100 to 50% of field capacity, caused the grain yield, essential oil yield, biological yield, seed weight and number of umbels per plant to be reduced significantly. Sistan landrace had a higher chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents than Birjand, which may reflect an increase in the special leaf area (increased thickness) of Sistan landrace. Two landraces showed a different response to reduced irrigation. The growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yields of Sistan landrace were less affected by low irrigation levels, compared to Birjand landrace. In general, it can be said that the local variety of Sistan has a better compatability with deficit irrigation; however there was no significant difference between grain yield and essential oil yield of these two landraces.

Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest living organisms on the planet, which is why it is also known as a living fossil. This plant is native to China and Due to its valuable compounds such as ginkgolides and bilobalid has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its valuable compounds such as ginkgolides and bilobalid. Global attention to this effective plant in the treatment, control and even prevention of a wide range of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, impotence, concentration disorders, vascular disease and immunity has led countries to use biotechnology-based methods for laboratory culture of this plant. The first reports of the use of biotechnology methods in ginkgo culture back to the 1950s. In the following years, various methods were studied that some of them was failed but they are the foundation of the widespread laboratory culture of ginkgo in the world from 1957 to 2020.

As much as human beings become aware of the side effects of chemical pesticides, the demand for natural alternatives increases. In this study, antibacterial effects of different concentrations of methanolic extract of henna leaves (0.50, 0.25, 0.12, 0.06, 0.03 and 0.01 mg/mL DMSO) on three gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Rathayibacter toxicus), and five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas syringae subsp. syringae, Pseudomonas viridiflava, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris) was measured with disk diffusion method. Also, silver nanoparticles were synthesized at different amounts of silver nitrate, extract, temperature, time, and pH. The size and shape of the synthesized particles were determined by DLS and SEM techniques. The results showed that the methanolic extract of henna leaves has an excellent antibacterial effect on all tested bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas viridiflava. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.01 M was measured on the tested bacteria and the results showed that the optimized nanoparticles were effective in terms of antibacterial properties. Also, the nanoparticle size in the presence of aqueous extract of henna leaves was 8.5 nm. The results of this study show that nanoparticles can be considered in the field of organic agriculture.

Savory is an annual plant of the dicotyledonous genus Labiatae of the genus Satureja and the species Hortensis, Which is cultivated for extraction of essential oils and medicinal purposes. Therefore, choosing the appropriate method for drying savory is necessary to extract high-quality essential oils. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of harvest time and drying methods on quantitative and qualitative traits of savory in 2017. In this experiment, the effect of harvest time and drying methods was examined. The results showed that the effect of harvest time had the highest wet and dry yield at the time after flowering and the lowest wet yield at the beginning of flowering. Among the three harvest times, the post-flowering stage had the highest essential oil and the lowest essential oil was allocated to before flowering. The percentage of free radical scavenging increased with increasing plant age. The amount of flavonoids at harvest time after flowering was higher than the beginning of flowering and full flowering. The highest amount of Savory plant essential oil was observed in the shade drying method and the lowest amount was observed for the amount of essential oil in the oven drying method at 60 and 75 ° C with zero grams of essential oil. After the drying method in the shade, the highest amount of Savory plant essential oil was obtained in the 90 watt microwave method and in the sun.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is one of the most well-known and available belong to Achillea genus from Asteraceae family is considered as an important medicinal plant in the world, due to its diversity of habitat and wide distribution in the Iran, which is widely used in traditional medicine, especially in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation. In order to study the essential oil compositions in Homayoun habitat located in the northern mountains of Zanjan, after selecting a suitable plant sample, the whole vegetative body of the plant was harvested in full bloom stage and above ground and after drying in room shade, it was powdered as a homogeneous mixture. The distillation method was extracted with water. Then, the components of the essential oil were identified and the amount of the components was identified using a gas chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer. The results showed that the essential oil of the dry vegetative body of the plant had a white color with a yield of 0.74%. The most important main compounds identified in essential oils were: beta-pinene (4.71%), 1 -8-cineole (eucalyptol) (8.64%), (+) 2-bornanone (2.57%), borneol (4.23%), Caryophylline (2.11%), betanrolidol (7.78%), and caryophyllenoxide (4.89%), francol (9.87%), 7-epiodiodispermol (2.46%), xenyl acetate (3.52%). Cesquiterpene francol was first reported from this plant in Zanjan region with a value of 9.87%, which is noteworthy due to its anti-tumor effects.

The pharmaceuticals plant (Myrtus communis L.)  is one of the most important medicinal plant species that consist of around 50 species of the Mediterranean basin. This plant is a perennial flowering shrubs or a small tree. The propagation of this plant is associated with certain difficulties due to its rigid crust. The low percentage of cuttings is one of the major limitations of cuttings approach propagation. The callogenesis is one of the important processes in molecular farming. For start of research the seeds were obtained from Zanjan University's Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of growth regulator 2 and 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at four levels on three types of leaf explants, shoots and roots. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was studied on the Murashige - Skoog medium (MS). The onset of callus formation was observed after about one month. The color of calluses was often white to brown and red. The results showed that callus formation was higher in leaf explants by 90% compared to the other explants and the lowest percentage of callus belonged to root explants. Also, the relative amount of callus formation at leaf concentration of 1 mg / L was higher than other treatments but no significant differences were observed at hormonal levels of 1 and 2 mg / L 2,4-D. Due to the limited scientific reports on the tissue culture of this plant worldwide, and based on the available scientific reports available, the results of this study have been investigated on Iranian varieties as a first report.