نشریه زیست فناوری گیاهان دارویی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

In this research, the effect of salinity induced by sodium chloride on sodium and chlorine changes in root of Nepeta astrotricha plant was studied in a completely randomized design with five salinity levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 dsm-1 and three replications. The buds are kept in plastic pots and similar conditions in the research greenhouse of the Natural Resources Faculty of Yazd University. After 60 days of using the treatments, the roots of the plants were transferred to the laboratory and after the extraction of root extract, the sodium and chlorine content were measured. Based on the results of analysis of variance, increasing the salinity increased the sodium content of the root of the plant. This increase was significant in treatments of 7.5 and 10 dsm-1 as compared to control. Also, the amount of chlorine increased with increasing salinity levels. The highest amount of chlorine at sample 10 dsm-1 and the minimum amount in the non-stressed sample was observed. It seems that the Nepeta astrotrich a pharmaceutical plant with absorb and maintain sodium and chlorine in the root and prevent its transfer to the aerial parts can tolerate salinity stress.

Humulus lupulus belongs to cannabaceae family which cultivated in different regions of word for its medicinal and industrial importance. It has several medicinal components including: resin, essential oils, phenols and flavonoids. The aim of current research was optimization of callus and adventitious root formation for secondary metabolites production. For this purpose, petiole explant were cultured on MS or B5 medium culture supplemented with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 5 mg/l) of Kin either alone or in combination with (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 5 mg/l) 2,4-D or NAA. The experiment plan was completely randomized factorial design at 8 replications and five samples in each replicate. The obtained results showed that there is not any difference between MS and B5 medium culture for callus induction. The highest percentage of callus induction (100%) was achived in (2.5, 2.5) and (3, 3) mg/l of NAA+Kin and or 2,4-D+Kin, in both medium culture. Meanwhile, the highest amount of dry and fresh weigth was obtained in MS medium contained (2.5, 2.5) mg/l NAA+Kin. Medium containing (0.5, 0.5) mg/l NAA+Kin and or (0.5, 1) mg/l 2,4-D +Kin were the most effective for adventitious root induction. The results revealed that the highest amount of phenol was observed in MS medium supplemented with (3, 3) mg/l NAA+Kin, but the highest amount of flavonoid was produced in B5 medium containing (3, 3) mg/l 2,4-D +Kin.

The present study aims at investigating the effects of irrigation levels (irrigation after 70, 110 and 150mm evaporation from the pan), phosphorous fertilizer levels and different species of Mycorrhiza (nonapplication of mycorrhiza, application of Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossae, Glomus hoei and coapplication of the three species) and different species of Mycorrhiza (nonapplication of mycorrhiza, application of Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossae, Glomus hoei and coapplication of the three species)) on dry matter accumulation and production of the essential oil of purple coneflower, which was conducted by a split plot and based on randomized block designs in 2016. In most studied traits, lowering the irrigation water from an evaporation level of 70 to 110 mm had no significant effect on the studied traits. Although irrigation after 150 mm evaporation from the pan caused a significant decrease in biological activities, but using some of the fertilizer treatments such as 50% phosphor, along with the simultaneous use of mycorrhizal species, or using the G. hoei species without phosphorus fertilizer, all could prevent the deterioration effect resulting from drought. The combined use of phosphorus fertilizer and mycorrhiza at the irrigation level after 70 mm evaporation from the pan had no effect on the studied traits; however, in irrigation levels after 110 and 150 mm evaporation from the pan, most treatments of the combined use of phosphorus fertilizer and mycorrhiza made a significant increase in the traits. Application of mycorrhizal species, especially G. hoei, had a positive effect on studied traits. In this study, the highest and lowest essential oil yield was obtained with 27.4g in the G. intradice treatment at the irrigation level after 150 mm evaporation from the pan. With regard to the economic importance of the essential oil of purple coneflower, despite the fact the accumulation of the dry matter was affected negatively by the drought, planting this type of plant seems to be possible even in severe drought along with the use of mycorrhiza.

In order to investigate the biomarkers of callus of dwarf barberry, an experiment was conducted in October 2017 in Birjand Agricultural College. Calluses were placed on a medium containing MS / 2 hormonal composition (TDZ-BAP) and methyl jasmonate, iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentrations for eight weeks. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 14 treatments in three replications. The traits were weight, weigh weight, dry weight, biomass percentage, callus level, mass moisture content and od. The results showed that treatment (TDZ and zinc oxide PPM 100) had the highest weight. The results of orthogonal comparisons of the treatments containing BAP and TDZ indicated that the highest percentage of biomass was observed in treatments (BAP and PPM 75 nano oxide). Orthogonal comparisons between treatments containing oxide nanoparticles (iron, zinc) and methyl jasmonate containing treatments indicated a superiority of zinc (100 PPM) treatments compared to other treatments. And the results indicated a positive effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the viability of callus of barberry.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ionic leakage, proline concentration, malondialdehyde concentration and antioxidant enzymes activity in aerial parts and root of coriander plan t in response to mycorrhizal inoculation under salinity stress in greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University.The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of salinity including control (without stress), 60 and 120 millimolar sodium chloride salt and two levels of mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculation and inoculation of Glomus mosseae mycorrhiza). The evaluated traits included ion leakage, malondialdehyde concentration, proline concentration and antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiac peroxidase. The results show that increasing salinity effects on physiological traits were evaluated. So, with increasing salinity stress, ion leakage, malondialdehyde concentration, proline concentration increased significantly. This increase was higher in the roots, indicating higher sensitivity of this roots to salt stress. Application of mycorrhizal treatment reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde and ion leakage in stress conditions. Also, the amount of proline in mycorrhizal plants was lower than non-mycorrhizal. Salinity stress increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The activity of all three enzymes evaluated was higher in the root than the shoot. The activity of the enzyme catalase was significantly higher than the other two enzymes. The application of mycorrhizal treatment has an important role in promoting the growth and activity of coriander antioxidant enzymes, especially under severe stress conditions. However, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal giants did not differ significantly in terms of the enzyme guaiac peroxidase.

The medicinal plants are widely considered to be an alternative agent for chemical pesticides. In this study, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of several medicinal plants such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Eucalyptus tereticornis, and Hyssopus officinalis and their chemical compounds were evaluated against several bacterial and fungal pathogens that attack to agricultural product including three positive bacteria, five Gram-negative bacteria and three fungies using the disc diffusion method. Also, the antioxidant activity of these plants was measured by enzyme activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and DPPH. In addition, the amount of phenol and flavonoid of these plants were measured. Based on the obtained results, the highest and lowest antibacterial activity was recorded for the methanolic extract from R. pseudoacacia and H. officinalis, respectively. Among chlorophormic extracts, H. officinalis and R. pseudoacacia showed the highest and lowest antibacterial activity. None of the three extracts had no antifungal activity. The components of the essential oils of these three herbs were identified, so that the main composition of the essential oils of Eucalyptus, Acacia and Zoospha were Sputulenol, Phytol and Sputulenol, respectively. According to the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the extracts of these three plants can be considered as a suitable candidate for further investigation in semifield and field conditions to verify their ability in the natural condition.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the amount of hydrogen peroxide, proline, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes activity of two medicinal plants. Coriander and dill plants were subjected to salinity stress in greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of salt stress including control (no stress), 60 and 120 millimolar sodium chloride salt, and two medicinal plants (coriander and dill). The evaluated traits included the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proline and antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiac peroxidase. The results show that salinity stress increases the amount of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and proline. With increasing salinity stress, their concentration increased significantly in both medicinal plants. The increase in the roots and dill plants was higher, indicating higher sensitivity of this plant to salinity stress. Also, salinity stress increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The activity of all three enzymes evaluated in the root was higher than the shoots. In the dill plant, the activity of the catalase enzyme was much higher than the coriander. However, the two evaluated plants did not differ significantly in terms of the level of activity of the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes.