فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 45 (پاییز 1402)

The expansion of the informal housing phenomenon is caused by the lack of legal benefits for the city body of the weak stratum of urban society. Therefore, according to the assortment of reasons for marginalization in different cities, it seems essential to know the influential factors in the emergence and development of these areas. As one of the metropolises accepting immigrants, the population increase in Rasht has caused uneven horizontal expansion of the city. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the influential factors in forming these areas and their development to ensure citizenship rights and improve the quality of life.

The criteria to be measured in connection with this subject are socio-cultural, economic, physical-legal, urban management, and environmental components. In this regard, this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and the methods of reviewing texts, sources, and visual documents in the context of library studies and case research methods, tries to identify the influential factors in the formation and expansion of four informal settlements in Rasht, including Paskiab, Nokhodchar, Jamaran, and Eynak. Therefore, in the quantitative part, the Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to prioritize the findings after using the questionnaire tool. This method examines the internal correlation between multiple research variables and finally categorizes them in the form of more limited general factors. Also, the sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula to be 384. In the qualitative part of the research, non-participatory observation tools, images, and maps have been used.

Based on the findings of the study, the micro-criteria of ethnicity, the level of communication of the residents of these areas with their relatives and neighbors, and the lack of social justice regarding the socio-cultural criteria are considered the most effective criteria in the formation and expansion of these areas. After that, the micro-criteria of cheap land price (housing) and low rent in connection with the economic criterion have made the most significant contribution to the formation of these areas. Finally, the implementation of improvement projects to provide public spaces and legalize construction in connection with urban management criteria, which is conceded to be the result of integrated mismanagement in Rasht, has the slightest impact on the formation and expansion of marginal areas.

Based on results, socio-cultural criteria with a third of the total variance are considered the main indicators in the emergence and expansion of informal settlements in the mentioned areas in Rasht.

The development of information and communication technology in the 20th century and the entry into the information age in the field of change in the global political and economic environment have seen many developments. Entering the information age has provided the foundation and root of the construction of the neoliberal government since the 1970s, and it has included changes in the current structures in its projects. Under the banner of these changes, the reorganization of capitalism can take place by describing the changes by informants. The economics of information provides an overview of the components of the economy and new changes, considering Castells' belief in connecting those components in the concept of "space of flows" as opposed to "space of places". Because of this, the city faces a new nature of space. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reread the concept of space and urban space and its changes under the influence of the development of information and communication technology.

For this purpose, using the systematic review method, articles related to the effects of information and communication technology development on the city and urban space and place have been extracted, examined, and analyzed. This started by searching for valid articles and was done by studying the abstract and research results of more than 100 articles, monitoring them, and finally selecting 42 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The published articles are in English and between the period of 30 years, 1990-2020.

The review and analysis of the articles have separated the sub-branches related to the change of urban space and place due to the development of information and communication technologies into four main areas: urban design, urban planning, urban participation, and travel patterns. According to the results of the analysis, the areas and sub-areas effective in creating changes in the urban space and place were extracted, and shared spaces and dedicated spaces related to the four main areas were presented.

The development of information and communication technology will affect urban spaces and places in different ways and different aspects. Therefore, there is a need to reorganize urban activities and urban space and place. Information and communication technology can play a role as a factor in strengthening urban space, improving the quality of public spaces, and improving the performance of urban spaces. Therefore, the valuable location values multiply and affect the issue of location. Keyword

In Iranian houses with suitability for the climatic conditions in most places, the yard has existed as the main open space, placing it in different ways. Other closed and semi-open spaces are also organized around the yard with different permutations. In this research, an analytical comparison has been made regarding the spatial structure of contemporary houses with courtyards in Ilam, considering the location of the courtyard in relation to the building. On the other hand, the developments after the war and the subsequent damage caused to Ilam as one of the most important border cities of Iran, have led to the reconstruction and formation of new types of spatial organization of houses.

The use of a mixed research method including interpretative and comparative methods using field observation and collection, library studies, and simulation by means of specialized space syntax software (UCL Depth Map) is the strategy of this research. The case samples were selected based on the year of construction of the house (types A, B, C, D, E) and also the location of the yard in relation to the building (A1, A2, etc.). The analysis of the structure is qualitative and then measured by depth map software in order to give more validity to the results.

The research results reveal three general categories in the spatial structure of houses with courtyards in Ilam. It seems that the structural changes have been synchronized with the economic and social conditions of society. In the first category: the fifties and sixties of the Hijri (before the revolution), we see the design of houses with courtyards with the relative size of the open space and the courtyard, establishing an effective connection between the house and the courtyard. The second category: the houses of the 70s and 80s are comparable to the high cost of land and construction imposed after the war. Reduction of land area, rapid construction, use of ready-made plans designed in other areas, and as a result major structural changes have been its results. The third category is the houses of the nineties. Until now, we have seen a more complex spatial structure, more private space than in previous periods, emerging functions along with other spaces of the house, and the efforts of some architects in order to re-establish the effective connection between the house and the yard.

The analyses have shown the changes in the spatial structure of the houses in Ilam city from the fifties to the nineties. In the fifties and sixties, which is related to the beginning of the revolution and the start of the Iran-Iraq war, due to the fact that Ilam city is bordering the people leaving the cities to the mountains and other cities, housing has not changed much. And it was built like before the revolution. In the '70s and '80s, due to financial problems and the high cost of real estate after the Iran-Iraq war, we saw many changes compared to before in the internal structure of residential houses.

Home has always been the most fundamental factor of the spatiality, residence, and dwelling of humankind. The phenomenology of “home” addresses the understanding of home and its related concepts and emphasizes the life-giving aspect of living at home. Beyond its formal and functional appearance, a home entails a variety of multi-dimensional qualities that cannot be grasped merely by scientific methods based on observation, measurement, and comparison. This study seeks to find the components of the phenomenology of living in Iranian houses. The main objective is to explain the role of the qualitative components of space in the phenomenological aspect of life along with space syntax based on human movement and behavior at home.

This research falls within the category of interpretative phenomenological research. The description and analysis of data in the strategic field of logical reasoning were performed through both qualitative and quantitative methods as well as space syntax. The techniques used in the data collection phase include reading textual and visual data, visiting the houses under investigation, and interviewing the residents regarding their lived experiences. Several historical and contemporary houses in Hamedan were selected through purposive sampling.

The results indicate that home, which is a suitable structure for the manifestation of phenomenological aspects of life, can be associated with features such as privacy, symbolization of self and the world, centrality, interior-exterior space, coherence, security and peace, comfort, love and emotions, holiness and eternity, intimacy, customization, and human identity. These features can in turn be associated with space syntax components, including interconnection, centrality, discrimination index, depth, legibility index, and entropy.

Understanding the meaning of the structure of living and dwelling can be examined within a gestalt system. The qualitative meaning-making criteria of a house are interwoven with the residents and inseparable from them. This union and integration arise from a spatial configuration that was examined using space syntax. The findings of this study can be used by researchers and designers to design residential spaces with the help of phenomenological conceptions of life as well as space syntax and to examine the various aspects of biological space and its relation to human acts along with its effect on spatial configuration.

Special spatial organization is required in a house to separate public and private spaces, considering the family as a system based on internal and external relations. Thus, space is organized and functions are placed to demonstrate the "Principle of Confidentiality." During the transition era, political, social, and economic changes resulted in significant alterations to the way of life and subsequent modifications to the spatial arrangement of buildings, including houses. The objective of this research is to examine how spatial organization changes during the transition era (late Qajar and first Pahlavi era) affected the level of privacy in houses located in Birjand city. The researchers are investigating how the spatial organization of Birjand houses changed during a certain transition period and how these changes affected the level of privacy in the households. They are seeking answers to this question through their research.

The research applies historical and descriptive-analytical methods, using a positivist approach. Data collection utilized documentary and field procedures. Hence, all houses registered under national authority are considered as part of the selected population era. The Qajar, Qajar-Pahlavi, and Pahlavi eras had 9, 8, and 8 houses respectively.

Research indicates that in the transition era, the average area of each house has decreased from 360 square meters to 223 square meters. Additionally, it has become more common to place the Mass on three or both sides of the space. The hierarchy of movement shows the removal of filters and intermediaries like porches and corridors. There have been several changes made to the space. These include a reduction in the amount of mass compared to the amount of space, rearrangements of the mass and space, alterations to the entrance and vestibule areas, updates to the filters and mediators in the courtyard, and changes to the function of the courtyard. There has been a shift in the movement hierarchy pattern from public spaces to rooms, indicating decreasing confidentiality.

The physical changes in the spatial organization of houses during the transition from the Qajar to the Pahlavi era in Birjand caused a decrease in privacy, as confirmed by the results. During the transition era, the architecture of Birjand houses experienced changes in various components and elements, including mass-space ratio, movement hierarchy, entrance, porch, courtyard, and filters. As a result, the long-standing tradition of privacy in Iranian architecture, which has lasted for thousands of years, has declined. Upon comparison with other studies, it is evident that Birjand city experienced fewer and more subdued changes compared to cities like Mashhad, Tehran, and Isfahan. This could be attributed to religious influences and the fact that Birjand was located far away from the cultural and lifestyle changes that occurred in other major cities during that time, including the provincial capital.

The latest approach in the field of urban regeneration is sustainable and integrated urban regeneration. For this purpose, in this article, the identification and evaluation of the sustainable and integrated regeneration model in the Darwaze Ray neighborhood in the city of Qom has been discussed.

The research method was applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research was the heads of households in the Darwaze Ray neighborhood of Qom with a number of 3280 people and city managers active in the field of re-creating the historical fabric of Qom city. The sample size was determined for 364 citizens and 30 managers, which was determined by Cochran's method and sample adequacy. The sampling method was randomly classified (block survey) for citizens and snowballed for city managers. The method of data analysis was using factor analysis, T-Test, and structural equation methods. The results indicate that from the point of view of city officials and managers (experts), sustainable and integrated regeneration occurs when the existing local conditions are taken into consideration along with the various characteristics of the historical context, including the prominence and protection of historical monuments.

The correlation coefficients of the final model showed that the structure of the integration of the urban management system with a coefficient of 0.820 is dependent on sustainable regeneration processes, and at the same time, the strong feature of prominence and texture protection is also dependent on measures and the success rate of sustainable regeneration with a coefficient of 0.941, and strongly Strong correlation is associated; Therefore, it can be said that sustainable regeneration is possible in an integrated situation with comprehensive and comprehensive action measures.

The purpose of this article is to present a model of sustainable and integrated urban regeneration in the historical context of the Darwaze Ray neighborhood in Qom city. The results indicate that the physical, social, economic, and environmental conditions in the neighborhood in question are unfavorable and the practical measures in this regard have not been able to help to recreate the texture of this neighborhood. From a physical point of view, there are few facilities and public services in the neighborhood of Darwaza Ray, and the quality of the texture is fine and unstable. From the social point of view, the conditions of safety and well-being in this neighborhood are low and there are many defenseless spaces in it. Also, the literacy level of the residents is average and many immigrants live in this neighborhood. In terms of economic conditions, there are no opportunities for employment and activity in the neighborhood, and less attention is paid to investing and creating economic opportunities in this neighborhood. Also, from an environmental point of view, the findings of the research showed that the neighborhood in question has low environmental health and green space quality, and environmental pollution is high in it; The average of the items of each of the different dimensions of urban regeneration in this neighborhood was average (3) and below the average.

The Mongol Ilkhanid period is one of the most important and decisive periods in the history of Iran and Many of the innovations of Iranian culture and civilization that emerged in later periods were the result of changes that manifested during the establishment of the ilkhanid dynasty and also provided valuable achievements for human history. In this period, in the shadow of religious freedom, the manifestation of the teachings and some aspects of Sufism can be seen in the physical structure of the monuments architecture. Among the architectural collections of this period, tomb architecture has a special place .Given that the construction of tombs in different societies is a major consequence of the belief in the afterlife and the love of self, it seems that the architectural structure of the tombs is closely related to archetypal concepts. Archetypes are universal facts that derive from human unconscious mind and are integrated in to human conscious mind as a global collaborative information in the form of imagery. To break the gap between the apparent and the hidden part of their minds, and to understand the archetypes, humans need the sources, such as symbols, myths, dreams, and memories. Architecture is a medium for the expression of human collective unconscious, universal myths, dreams and memories which act as a symbol in architectural spaces. One of the key archetypes that has been introduced in Jung's analytic psychology is the archetype of "process of individuality" that deals with spiritual questions about the meaning of life and the goal of creation. The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of : whether by achieving semantic concepts of these archetypes, can one understand the archetype concepts and how they are objectified in the mystical space of this tomb collection.The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of : whether by achieving semantic concepts of these archetypes, can one understand the archetype concepts and how they are objectified in the mystical space of tombs.

Based on the purpose of this study, which is the recognition of archetypes semantic concepts, using historical interpretation method, the techniques used in sign perception have been used.

According to many architects of this land, art is basically one of the most important and explicit manifestations of the principles of tradition. According to cultural thinkers, the most obvious cultural characteristic of Iranians is their poetic language and expression. In this culture, all human constructs have a meaning beyond what it seems, and certainly literary arrays and metaphorical and symbolic expressions are an important part of the structure of meaning transfer and the epistemological system of their works. With this assumption, architectural works in Iran, as literary texts, can be interpreted and explained.

This research tries to present a new semantic reading based on the influence of shamanism and Sufism in the architectural structure of these valuable historical buildings, relying on archetypal analysis method.