نشریه فلسفه غرب
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1401)

We have two direct ways of recognizing myths. 1) Recognition of natural forms; 2) recognition of mental forms. Human consciousness of his environment is limited to his living conditions, hence we can limit the first elements of human natural thought to areas of food resources, water, wild animals, and geographical location of human life. Human consciousness in the realm of natural intelligence that uses it, is the optimizer of these living conditions and nothing more; it means we can describe myths as we describe natural forms in natural science, it has been methods of people like D. Rosenberg and M. Eliade. But there is a "distinct thing" that grows apart from reality and that is self-sufficient, it is more dependent on the “absence of the object” and not on “the object”. and that is symbolic structures and language. Therefore, it can be found that language is formed around "numen" but doesn’t cover it and is always in progress. Language concerning consciousness with its judicial content can be expressed in A) categorical, B) conditional and C) analogical forms. Expression is to verbalize the "real thing" if there is any reality; it refers to the second way that is to deal with mental and general forms of myths; it has been the method of philosophers like C. Levy Strauss and E. Cassirer.

According to Schlegel, truth must be absolute, and attainment of the absolute by philosophical categories is not possible in the way that was common among the philosophers of German idealism of the time. Schlegel defines consciousness as a historical consciousness that manifests itself in the heart of culture in different historical periods. This culture includes works of art, rituals and symbols of each period. Absolute is neither pure consciousness nor infinite nature, but there is a place between the two. Absolute for Schlegel is a harmony formed by a universal consciousness. Schlegel considers this harmony to be Bildung, which is in fact the basis of absoluteness. Everything that grows and emerges from the heart of the Absolute is in harmony and order. In Schlegel's philosophy, Bildung replaces philosophical categories and rules to create the absolute. To achieve a harmony like nature, man must benefit from an education. Schlegel's education is an artistic building that connects love, morality and mysticism within itself.

Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey can be recognized as the transitional stage between the oral period of the Ancient Greek religions and its written period when the Greek myths –that indicate a polytheistic religion– were recorded and organized with the assistance of the mind and the imagination of a myth-making poet who attempted to find befitting answers to the questions of the man inhabiting the ecosystem of Ancient Greece regarding religion, relation between mortals and immortals, and also social and ethnic ethics. It is clear that Homer was not concerned with logical reasoning; because he is a poet that is the offspring of his myth-making and god-fabricating era and as a poet with a mind completely accustomed to myth and imagination, and stuck in a realm between limbo and earth, he is rather seeking to provide a description and a report about gods, heroes, events, and their means and equipment proportional to the understanding, knowledge and the existential order of his myth-oriented contemporary people. The existence of these elements indicates that although there are currently several works at hand to help inquire into the Ancient Greek religions, but undoubtedly the Iliad and Odyssey are excellent works in this regard because they have recorded and immortalized the religious and ethical traditions and the Olympic gods of the myth-making people of Ancient Greece in the form of epic poems.

 Kant has considered the question of existence in both pre-critical and critical periods. In the pre-critical period, he discussed the issue of existence in his treatise "«The only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God " and even pointed to the inability of reason to provide an existential argument to prove the existence of God; The same view that Kant developed in the critical period and expressed more fully. In addition, in the critical period, he introduced existence as one of the categories of comprehension. Kant's approach to the concept of existence in both periods was based on the distinction between real predicate and logical predicate. A real predicate is a predicate that adds anything new to its subject, and a logical predicate is a predicate that does not add anything new to its subject. It should be noted that Kant's approach to existence in the critical period has not changed much, and The only difference with the pre-critical period is that in the critical period, he expressed his views on existence based on the categories of understanding and distinguishing synthetic / analytic theorems; As some of Kant's commentators, such as J. Forgie and Etienne Gilson, argue, Kant has dealt with it more fully in The Only Possible Foundation for Proving the Existence of God.

The Holy Quran is the most important factor in the formation of Islamic culture and civilization. So it can be claimed that all research and efforts in the field of Islamic thought from grammar in Arabic literature to jurisprudence, principles, theology, philosophy and mysticism have been based on divine verses. The science of philosophy, which originally entered the Islamic world from the land of Greece, was influenced by the divine verses of the Qur'an and Islamic thinkers, then finding an Islamic identity. It was under such influence that the Greek terms of “philosophy” and “philosopher” have been changed into “Hakim” and “Hikmat”. Since the Islamic scholars considered the philosophical teachings of Greece to be effective and believed that the correlation of Qur’anic and religious teachings with the intellectual achievements of Greek philosophy would have a profound effect on the growth and excellence of Islamic society, they have compared Greek philosophical materials with Islamic teachings. They could localize the philosophy. This article seeks to examine the role of Islam in general and the Holy Qur’an in particular in the process of localizing of the imported and translated Greek philosophy in the first centuries of the emergence of Islam. In this regard, the initiatives of Muslim philosophers and the case study of several issues and philosophical theories show that the science of philosophy has received a great deal of influence from the Qur'an and Islamic teachings over the past years and so the name of “transcendent wisdom” has adorned it correctly.

Since Spinoza believes that every act in the universe is a mode of modes a single substance or God, and that the difference in the acts goes back to their difference in how they are emitted from the substance, good and evil will be relative, and therefore Corona Virus will be considered absolute evil It is excluded. Such thinking is the product of the imagination of a being confined to space and time who seeks only his own benefit, and thus transforms evil - here the corona -which is non-existent into something objective and absolute, which are expressed with bad conceptions, Confusion, ugliness and wickedness, but if we extend these matters to God from this perspective, it will cause the greatness of God to be hidden from the intellect. For Spinoza, man, as a mode of infinite modes of substance, is hardly small and insignificant, but at the same time, he is great; because has an intellect that enables to have this insight.Corona shows man the consciousness of his limitation before God and nature, and this consciousness of limitation is itself an element of the bliss of being in God, without which such consciousness would not have been realized.On the other hand, since according to Spinoza, anything that causes human beings to live together in a collective agreement is beneficial, and conversely, a difference in society is evil, it can be said that, Corona insofar as it causes this agreement and empathy in societies, especially moral societies, It is Good.