Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Winter 2023

 Understanding personality characteristics can help us understand how individuals manifest their personality through their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Among numerous tools available to assess personality, one of them is the Egogram questionnaire. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to standardize the Tokyo University Egogram questionnaire (TEG3).

Methods and Materials: 

The present research was a descriptive correlation study with a standardization approach. The statistical population of the study included women and men aged 20 to 40 in Tehran in 2021. 2707 participants, including 1585 women and 1122 men, were selected through convenience sampling. The Egogram questionnaire was designed based on the transactional analysis theory, which included 5 factors: the criticizing parent, the supportive parent, the adult, the natural child, the adapted child, and the Q validity scale and L lie scale. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and SPSS.22 software.

 The results of the validity, internal consistency, and reliability of the tool using Cronbach's alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Egogram questionnaire consists of 5 factors in the Iranian culture, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all the factors is above 0.7. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed an acceptable internal consistency within the questionnaire factors among women and men.

 This questionnaire can be used as a practical and new tool in the field of personality psychology and approaches such as schema therapy.

 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders with primary diagnostic criteria including attention deficit, impulsivity and hyperkinesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity coefficient of the fifth version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale in children with attention deficit disorder in Tehran.

Methods and Materials: 

The present research method is located in the field of psychometric studies, which is a subset of the methodological methodology. The research population consists of all students with attention deficit disorder in Tehran who have referred to psychology and counseling centers who are covered by educational-therapeutic services (they have a diagnostic record as attention deficit) and 120 people were selected as statistical sample using purposeful sampling method. The measurement tool in this study was the fifth version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children. The statistical model used in this study was to determine the diagnostic validity, distribution diagram method (Davis method), confidence interval method, and sensitivity and clarity coefficient method.

 Finally, the findings showed that all tests of working memory and processing speed scales have a sensitivity factor.

 Therefore, the tests of working memory scale and processing speed have diagnostic validity and can distinguish students with attention deficit disorder from normal students.

 The purpose of this research was to predict academic engagement based on mindfulness with the mediating role of academic burnout and academic self-impairment among Azad University students.

Methods and Materials:

 The research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population includes all students of Azad University of Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2020-21, the target sample was selected using random sampling method in the number of 350 people. In order to analyze the data, it was analyzed using the structural equation method of factor analysis with the help of AMOS software. Data collection tools were: Reeve Academic Involvement Questionnaire (2013), Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire (FMI-SF), Academic Boredom Questionnaire by Pekrun et al. (2020), and Jones Academic Self-Disability Questionnaire (2020); and the results of factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha also confirmed their validity and reliability.

 The results showed mindfulness (B=0.38, P<0.001) directly and positively and academic self-disability (B=0.29, P<0.001) and academic boredom (B=0.24, P<0.001) predict academic engagement. In addition, the proposed research model had a good fit.

 It can be concluded that mindfulness has a significant effect on the academic engagement of students due to the mediating role of academic boredom and academic self-handicapping.

 The purpose of this research was to develop a structural model of school truancy based on buoyancy and academic self-regulation in second year high school students.

Methods and Materials: 

This research was of the type of descriptive-correlational studies. The current research statistical population includes all the students of the second year of Islamabad Gharb High School in the academic year 2020-21, which numbered 1523 boys, 1453 girls, and a total of 2976 people. The sampling method of this research was two-stage cluster sampling. In this way, 2 districts were randomly selected from among the districts of West Islamabad city, and 5 schools were randomly selected from those 2 districts; which was used by a total of 500 students. Data were collected using Martin and Marsh's academic buoyancy scale (2008), Bouffard et al.'s self-regulation questionnaire (1995) and the learning avoidance scale (Khormai and Saleh Ardestani, 2014). In the current research, SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze data from Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equations and to check the proposed research model.

 The results showed that the conceptual model of school truancy based on the components of academic buoyancy and self-regulation in second year high school students is suitable. The path coefficient between academic self-regulation and truancy (p=0.001, β=0.62) and between academic buoyancy and truancy (p=0.001, β=0.57) was negative and significant.

 It can be concluded that the conceptual model of school truancy based on academic self-regulation and school truancy in second year high school students had a good fit.

 According to reports, a suicide attempt is made every 40 seconds in the world, some of which have serious consequences for the attempter. The present study investigated the relationship between suicidal behavior in suicide attempters and early childhood trauma, with the mediation of thwarted belongingness.

 The current study is descriptive and correlational. A total of 365 patients who attempted suicide and were hospitalized at Baharloo Hospital in Tehran in 2022 were selected through convenience sampling. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) for thwarted belongingness, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) were administered to the suicide attempters. The Sobel test was used to examine the mediation hypotheses, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to evaluate the proposed model.

 The results showed that there are positive and significant relationships between Childhood trauma score and suicidal behavior (r=0.42, p<0.001), and thwarted belongingness and suicidal behavior (r=0.395, p<0.001). The model fit indices confirmed the path from Childhood trauma to suicidal behavior and the path from Childhood trauma with the mediation of thwarted belongingness.

 The results of this study showed that Childhood trauma plays a crucial role in suicidal behavior, both directly and indirectly through the mediation of thwarted belongingness. Therefore, teaching families and schools to prevent childhood traumas, as well as providing treatment for individuals with childhood traumas and addressing their interpersonal needs (thwarted belongingness), can effectively prevent and reduce suicidal behavior.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Schema Therapy on communication skills in women affected by marital infidelity.

 The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the women involved with the issue of marital infidelity of their husbands who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran in 2022, who declared their readiness to attend the treatment plan at the call of the researcher in order to solve their problem. In this case, 45 subjects were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly replaced in three equal groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). To collect data, Queendom communication skills questionnaire (2004) was used. SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis tests were used for data analysis.

 The results showed that both the intervention of Schema Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy have created a significant difference in the post-test and follow-up phase in the variable of communication skills in women affected by marital infidelity compared to the control group (P<0.01). Also, the results showed that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy had a greater effect on communication skills in women affected by marital infidelity than Schema Therapy (P>0.05). Specifically, the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy experimental group showed an increase of 4.85 points at the post-test stage and 5.05 points at the follow-up stage in communication skills compared to the Schema Therapy experimental group.

 Considering the findings of the current research, it can be recommended to mental health professionals and individuals active in couple therapy to enhance the mental health of women affected by marital infidelity by designing and applying appropriate methods inspired by Schema Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.

 Leukemia is one of the most common cancers, and several factors play a role in aggravating the disease process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies, personality traits, and mindfulness with self-care in leukemia patients.

 The research design was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research included patients with leukemia in Shariati and Sina hospitals in Tehran in the second half of 2023. 250 people were selected by the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Coping with Stressful Situation Questionnaire (CISS), the Neo Five-Factor Personality Characteristics Questionnaire, the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form (FMI-SF), and the Self-Efficacy Self-Care Questionnaire (SUPPH) and analyzed with a step-by-step regression test with SPSS software.

 The results showed that the relationship between self-care and problem-oriented, emotion-oriented and avoidance strategies and the characteristics of extroversion, openness to experience, adaptability, conscientiousness and mindfulness has a significant positive relationship and a significant negative relationship with neuroticism. Also, the results showed that mindfulness, problem-oriented strategy, neuroticism, openness to experience and conscientiousness predict a total of 58% of the variance of self-care in patients with leukemia.

 Considering the effect of problem-oriented strategy, neuroticism, openness to experience and conscientiousness in self-care, it is suggested to organize courses to improve self-care in order to improve psychological health and increase self-care in patients with leukemia.

 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders that is observed in early childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior and cognitive motor training on attention deficit, cognitive avoidance and working memory in female students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

 The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design. The statistical population consisted of 257 elementary school girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and resident in district 2 of Tehran. Each meeting was given to participants. Data were collected using Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, Attention Deficit Disorder Scale and Wechsler Working Memory Test. Dialectical behavioral therapy sessions were held in 10 sessions and 12 sessions of cognitive and motor training were held in 12 one-hour sessions each week. For dialectical behavior therapy sessions, protocol therapy (Linehan, 1993) and McGinn Cognition and Motor Training (1970) were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS 27 software.

 The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups of cognitive avoidance, attention deficit and working memory including cognitive avoidance (P=0.672, F=0.40), attention deficit (F=0.04, P=0.442), working memory (P=0.477, F=0.75).

 It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive and motor training on cognitive avoidance, attention deficit and working memory.

 Specific learning disorder is a heterogeneous group of children who have problems in different areas. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-based play therapy and interactive play therapy on the cognitive appraisal of female students with special learning disabilities.

 The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a three-month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the research is made up of 54 female students of the first grade of elementary school with special learning disorders who have a file in the education counseling center of Qom city in 2023. A total of 45 people were selected for three groups with a non-random sampling method, and in the next step, 15 people were randomly assigned to three groups in two experimental groups and one control group. In this research, the cognitive appraisal questionnaire of Pintrich and DeGroot (1990) was used. For the group, two tests of interactive play therapy based on the package of Booth and Jernberg (2009) 21 sessions of 45 minutes and play therapy based on cognitive therapy based on the package of Mohammad Ismail (2008) of 10 sessions of 60 minutes were performed and no intervention was done for the control group. To analyze the data, mixed repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used with SPSS18 software.

 The results showed that play therapy based on cognitive therapy and interactive play therapy have an effect on cognitive evaluation of female students with learning disability (P<0.001). But cognitive therapy-based play therapy had a greater effect on cognitive evaluation than interaction therapy (P<0.001).

 This research provides practical implications to psychologists and counselors regarding the greater impact of cognitive therapy-based play therapy on cognitive appraisal.

 Violence is an unpleasant and harmful behavior towards individuals, families and communities. Domestic violence of couples, especially women against men, is a newer phenomenon that needs research. Accordingly, the main goal of the present study was to study men's lived experience of domestic violence.

 The present research method was qualitative-phenomenological and practical in terms of purpose. The present research method was qualitative-phenomenological and practical in terms of purpose. The participating community included married people in Ilam province, and the research sample (18 people) was selected by purposive sampling considering some criteria of the researcher. Considering the nature of the research method, the rule of theoretical saturation was used for the sample size. The research tool included semi-structured interviews, which were used for the validity of the tool using the formal method and for reliability, the recoding method between the researcher and another researcher was used, and the agreement coefficient between the coders was 0.81. The coding method was also used to analyze the findings.

 The findings showed that 32 sub-themes and 6 main themes including (quantitative challenges of having children, body management challenges, female infertility challenges, economic violence, psychological violence and sexual violence) were identified from men's lived experience of domestic violence.

 It can be concluded that men also experience various types of violence in their married life, that family planners and counselors should analyze its dimensions more in order to better understand this type of violence.

  This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment and marital burnout management on the emotional experience towards the spouse in married women of Isfahan.

  The present study was a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of married women with a minimum of 10 years of marital life. Forty-eight individuals were selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. While the control group received no training, the experimental groups each underwent 10 sessions of 90 minutes according to the respective protocols (Unified transdiagnostic Treatment by Barlow et al., (2010) and the Marital Burnout Management Training Package by the authors. All three groups filled out the Emotional Experience Towards Spouse Questionnaire in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test) with SPSS-25.

  The results indicated that both transdiagnostic treatment and marital burnout management, as compared to the control group, significantly reduced overall negative emotional experience and increased positive emotional experience towards the spouse. However, in reducing negative emotional experience, transdiagnostic treatment was more effective.

  Both transdiagnostic treatment and marital burnout management are effective in improving the emotional climate in marital relationships of women experiencing long-term marriages. They contribute significantly to reducing negative emotions and fostering positive emotional experiences towards the spouse. Transdiagnostic treatment, in particular, shows greater efficacy in diminishing negative emotional experiences, indicating its potential as a robust approach in marital interventions. These findings underscore the importance of applying targeted therapeutic approaches to enhance marital satisfaction and emotional well-being

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder affects the cognitive, mental and emotional order of sufferers and leads to a decrease in their performance. According to this this study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy on obsessive- compulsive disorder symptoms amongst people with the disorder.

  A quasi-experimental method was employed followed by a pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up. The population consisted of all people referred to Nik Mehr Counseling and Psychological Services in Tehran in 2020 and 2021. From among them, 45 were selected through convenience sampling method, randomly put in experimental and control groups and received Maudsley's Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire. The follow-up was then implemented on subjects by receiving virtual reality exposure for 12 sessions (2 eight-minute sessions per week for 6 weeks) and cognitive-behavioral therapy for 12 sessions (2 forty-five-minute sessions per week for 6 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention. Results were analyzed through ANOVA and Bonferroni Post-hoc Test with SPSS-23.

 The results showed that both therapies appeared effective (F=192; Eta=0.67; P<0001) on people with the disorder as they reduced obsession syndromes. Also, the follow-up test indicated that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two therapies on subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.05).

 According to the results, since there is no difference in the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, both can be applied to reduce obsession syndromes amongst people with the disorder.

 The present study aimed to provide a structural model of the relationship between resilience and the psychological well-being of parents of children with cancer, with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

  The study population included all parents of children with cancer under the care of the Mahak Institute in the year 2022, whose children were undergoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or were in the treatment process. A total of 250 participants were selected through convenience sampling, and eventually, 236 completed questionnaires were eligible for analysis. The primary data for this study were collected using the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), the General Health Questionnaire by Goldberg and colleagues (1972), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski et al. (2001). Descriptive statistics (central indices, dispersion) and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling) were used for data analysis.

 The results of the study, through correlation and regression analysis, indicated that the structural model of the relationship between resilience and psychological well-being, with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, fits well in parents of children with cancer.

 According to the results, since there is no difference in the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, both can be applied to reduce obsession syndromes amongst people with the disorder.

The purpose of this study was to compare working memory in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, panic disorder and healthy individuals.

The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the present study included all patients referred to psychiatric clinics of Qom city in 1401-1400. In this study, a total of 200 people (people with obsessive-compulsive disorder: 50 people, patients with major depressive disorder: 50 and those with panic disorder: 50 and healthy people: 50 people) were selected by available sampling method. The instruments for collecting the research included the working memory of Daniman and Carpenter (1980). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (24) and multi-way ANOVA test.

The results of the analysis showed that working memory is different in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, panic disorder and healthy individuals (P<0.01). The working memory of obsessive-compulsive disorder was higher than that of major depressive disorder and panic disorder individuals and less with healthy individuals (P<0.01).

It can be concluded that working memory was different in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, panic disorder and healthy individuals.