نشریه تحقیق و توسعه سلامت
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار 1403)

Background and

Anxiety and depression are the most common mental problems in people. In Iran, depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, and depression, anxiety, and stress are highly prevalent in the country's universities. This research was aimed to determine the frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2019. 

This study was a cross-sectional investigation involving 420 medical students from the medical faculty. Data collection included various variables such as age, gender, birthplace, residence, grade point average, smoking habits, drug use, marital status, education duration, history of physical and mental illnesses, interest in the field of study, and the students' evaluation of future employment views. The assessment of anxiety, depression, and stress was conducted utilizing the reliable DASS 21 questionnaire. Subsequently, data analysis was performed through the utilization of SPSS version 22 software.

Degrees of depression, anxiety and stress were reported 44%, 50.1% and 44%respectively. Depression showed a significant relationship with age, marital status, educational qualification, history of chronic mental illness, satisfaction with the field of study and students' evaluation of their future career. Anxiety with age, degree, smoking, satisfaction with the field of study and student's evaluation of future job and stress with age, marital status, education level, smoking and history of chronic mental illness, satisfaction with field of study and student's evaluation of future job They showed a significant relationship.

High rates of anxiety and depression were found among medical students. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing mental health issues in medical education. Future makers of our country should enjoy mental health and general health and finally health.

Background and

The covid-19 pandemic, with its wide spread, created major challenges for informal caregivers (family caregivers and health volunteers). The current study was conducted with the aim of determining the care burden of informal caregivers (family caregivers and health volunteers) in patients with covid-19.

The present study is a descriptive study that was conducted cross-sectional in the city of Mashhad in 2019. Informal caregivers (192 family caregivers, 192 health volunteers) of patients with covid-19 were included in the study using available sampling method. The research tool included demographic information checklist and Novak and Gast care burden questionnaire. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25 statistical software.

The average care burden score in home caregivers and health volunteers was 80.63 ± 12.62 and 72.17 ± 16.71, respectively (p<0.05). There was a direct and significant correlation between the care burden scores of volunteer health and family caregivers with the number of days caring for patients and hours of care per day (P<0.05).

The burden of care in family caregivers is higher than that of health volunteers, which can have negative effects on their health and well-being. Caring burden can cause physical and psychological complications for informal caregivers, especially family caregivers, which is important for health policymakers to pay attention to.
Keywords: care burden, family caregivers, health volunteers, Covid-19

Human beings have various dimensions, including cognitive, emotional, social and spiritual, each of which must be examined separately. Failure to pay attention to any of the dimensions of human existence will eliminate an important part of human existence. Considering that according to the results of some studies, without spiritual health, other biological, psychological and social dimensions cannot function properly or reach their maximum capacity, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the score of spiritual health among medical students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The study population was 430 medical students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd. The data collection tool in this study is a valid SWBS (Spiritual Well-Being Scale) questionnaire that has 20 questions to assess spiritual health status. In the present study, data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22

In the study, the average score of students' spiritual health was 88.38, which is a moderate score. Also, 70.1% of students had low to moderate spiritual health and 29.9% of them had high spiritual health. The highest score of spiritual health was reported among students 120 and the lowest score was 27 and among the factors discussed in the study (age Gender, place of birth, place of residence, grade point average, smoking, drug use, marital status, duration of study, history of physical and mental illness, interest in the field of study and student's assessment of future employment status) Smoking, marital status, satisfaction with the field of study and student assessment of their future career had a significant relationship with spiritual health.

According to the results of this study, the level of spiritual health of medical students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2019 is evaluated as average.

Background and

Hospitals are one of the organizations providing health services to the society. Improving the quality of medical and therapeutic services provided to patients can provide a pleasant environment for patients and increase their satisfaction. One of the problems that arise due to patients' dissatisfaction with health services is the discharge of the patient with personal consent. The aimed of this study was to determine the frequency of discharge with personal consent from the emergency department of Khatam Al Anbia Hospital in Zahedan in 2022.

In this descriptive study, 962 patients who were discharged from the emergency department of Khatam Al Anbia Hospital in Zahedan in 2021 were examined. Data were collected using files and phone calls with patients. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics.

The rate of discharge by personal consent was about 2.7% of the total number of patients referred to the emergency room during one year. Of the 962 people surveyed, 606 (63%) were men and 356 (37%) were women. The average age of patients discharged with personal consent was 58.3 ± 19.9 years. Out of the total 962 patients discharged by personal consent, 292 (30.4%) due to feeling of partial recovery, 188 (19.6%) due to the secrets of the patient and their companions, 218 (26.6%) due to not having cost and lack of insurance and 264 people (27.4%) left the emergency room due to going to private centers or referring to other medical centers with personal consent.

The main reason for discharge was the relative improvement in health. Increasing patients' awareness of possible side effects, designing outpatient treatment plans for these patients, and enhancing the quality of medical and therapeutic services can help reduce dissatisfaction with the personal inclination to

Abstract
Background and

Dyes are a group of organic substances with a complex structure, often toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, non-biodegradable, and one of the most important pollutants in textile and dyeing industries' waste water, whose discharge in the environment creates severe problems. There are different methods for separating colors from wastewater, and the absorption process is one of the methods that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, and a lot of research has been done in the field of searching for cheap and effective adsorbents in absorbing all kinds of colors. In this study, the ability of cotton activated carbon to absorb acid orange 7 has been evaluated.
Materials: In this experimental study, the required cotton was procured from Gonabad city and placed in an electric furnace at a temperature of 550 degrees Celsius for 2 hours for carbonization. Then, the effect of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and dye concentration variables on dye removal efficiency from synthetic aqueous solutions at ambient temperature (27°C) was investigated.

The results of the experiments showed that by increasing the adsorbent dose, decreasing the pH, increasing the contact time and decreasing the initial concentration of the dye, the absorption process improves. According to the findings of this study, the maximum removal efficiency, equivalent to 87%, was obtained in optimal conditions in the amount of 1 gram/liter of absorbent, pH=2, initial dye concentration of 5 mg/liter, and contact time of 80 minutes.

The results showed that the activated carbon obtained from cotton can be used as an efficiecnt, cheap and available adsornebt for the removal of  Acid Orange 7 from aqueous solutions.

Health is the primary goal in healthcare professions and particularly in nursing. Today, health is more than just the absence of disease, and this concept is especially emphasized in nursing compared to other professions. This study aimed to review the metaparadigm of health and the necessity of its consideration in nursing.

The present narrative review was conducted using Persian and English keywords across information sources such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SID, Magiran, and the Google Scholar search engine without any time restrictions up to the beginning of March 2024. To maximize the scope of the study, the search was performed using the operators AND and OR. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 articles and 10 books were ultimately reviewed.

The review indicated that the concept of health, from the perspectives of the Quran and other views, encompasses various dimensions including physical, mental, intellectual, social, and emotional aspects, and has different definitions from various theorists. Given the broad range of definitions related to health, the determinants of health are also vast and diverse, with each component directly affecting the dimensions of health.

Health has been a concern for humanity since ancient times. Understanding the metaparadigm of health in nursing enables the delivery of high-quality and effective healthcare to individuals, promoting a healthier life. This requires the attention of policymakers and national planners to develop health promotion programs in Iran.

Caviar, a rich source of nutrients, has long been recognized as a luxurious and nourishing food. In recent years, research has shown that caviar can also be beneficial for cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. The aim of this study is to explore the various applications of caviar-derived fatty acids, proteins, and peptides in skincare products.

Relevant scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched using keywords including "caviar," "fatty acids," "proteins," "peptides," "skin," and "cosmetic and therapeutic applications." Studies published in English within the last 10 years were reviewed and summarized.

Studies have demonstrated that the polyunsaturated fatty acids present in caviar, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. Caviar is a rich source of various proteins and peptides with diverse biological activities. Some of these proteins and peptides can act as moisturizers, firming agents, anti-inflammatories, and antimicrobials.

Due to its abundance of fatty acids, proteins, and nourishing peptides, caviar can be utilized as an effective ingredient in skincare formulations. These natural compounds can contribute to improving skin health, enhancing its radiance and vitality, and preventing signs of agin

The delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis by providing the basis for the transmission of the infection is considered a big challenge in front of the effort to eliminate tuberculosis in the world, and the border cities of Afghanistan are at greater risk. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and its related factors in the southeast of Razavi Khorasan province.

In this descriptive and analytical study, the data of 256 pulmonary tuberculosis patients from the cities of Taibad, Khaf, Bakherz, Freeman, and Sarkhes were collected by census method and analyzed with SPSS software.

There were 156 (60.9%) female and 100 (39.1%) male patients with a mean (median) age of 22±53 (58) years. 244 patients (95.3%) were Iranian. 76 patients (29.7%) had contact history with positive smear patients. 197 (77%) of patients were identified and treated with a delay of more than 28 days. The median delay during the studied years was 36 days. The median diagnosis delay in the age groups, cities and years studied showed a statistically significant difference.

The median delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 36 days. Planning for active case finding among contacts, targeted case finding in middle-aged groups and women, and implementing syndromic surveillance at border entries can help reduce the delay in diagnosis and decrease the adverse outcomes of the disease.