Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Volume:6 Issue: 1, 2007

Methotrexate is an antineopalstic agent widely used in low dose to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It is known to induce micronuclei at multiple doses in rats. The present study investigates the effect of vitamin A on methotrexate-induced micronuclei in rat bone marrow erythrocytes. Male wistar rats were (n=5) injected with 0, 8, 16 and20mg/kg methotrexate (single i.p dose). A group of rats received 5000 IU of vitamin A (i.p) for 4 successive days. Another group of rats received a combination of vitamin A (5000 IU of vitamin A for 4 successive days) and single dose of methotrexate (20 mg/kg dose). Samples were collected at 24 hours after last methotrexate exposure in to 5% bovine albumin. Smears were obtained and stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa. Thousand polychromatic erythrocytes were counted per animal for the presence of micronuclei and PCE% was also calculated. The percentage of micronuclei increased with increase in the dose of methotrexate (percentage of PCE decreased with increase in the dose of methotrexate). Combination of methotrexate and vitamin A therapy showed a significant decrease in micronuclei percentage and an increase in PCE% compared to rats treated with methotrexate alone. Hence this study claims that vitamin A protect the from methotrexate induced genetic damage.

The present work examines the protective mechanisms of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata (MEOU) in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride at the dose of 1 ml/kg body weight intraperitonially once in every 72 hrs for 16 days. The hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The serum levels of total protein and bilirubin were also estimated. The histological studies were also The present work examines the protective mechanisms of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata (MEOU) in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride at the dose of 1 ml/kg body weight intraperitonially once in every 72 hrs for 16 days. The hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The serum levels of total protein and bilirubin were also estimated. The histological studies were also carried out to support the above parameters. Administration of MEOU (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p< 0.05) prevented CCl4-induced elevation of levels of serum GPT, GOT, ALP, and bilirubin. The total protein level was decreased due to hepatic damage induced by CCl4 and it was found to be increased in methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata treated group. Treatment of rats with CCl4 led to a marked increase in lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA). This was associated with a significant reduction of the hepatic antioxidant system e.g. reduced glutathione (GSH) and Catalase. These biochemical alterations resulting from CCl4 administration were significantly (p< 0.05) inhibited by pretreatment with methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata. The results are comparable with standard drug silymarin. A comparative histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture, as compared to CCl4 treated control group. These data suggest that the methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata may act as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent.

Because of difference in the toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs and with respect to the high rate of benzodiazepine abuse in suicidal attempts, the trend of possible anterograde amnesia after recovery from benzodiazepine overdose were evaluated in Iranian patients. This was a prospective descriptive/analytic clinical trial, which was conducted, in Noor general teaching hospital. Patients 18-50 years old, who had committed suicidal attempts only with long acting benzodiazepines, were tested for memory at 3 times: immediately after waking up (time 0, t0), 12 (time 12, t12) and 24 hours (time 24, t24) after waking up. Memory was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale. The mean of memory score was 44.6±7.1 immediately after waking up (t0). This score was 76.9±3.5 and 93.3±8.18 at t12 and t24 respectively. The difference between the means of memory scores of t0 and t12 was statistically significant and this was the same between t12 and t24. There was a statistically significant relationship between memory score and drug dosage. It is concluded the memory status following waking up from benzodiazepine overdose changes during the course of recovery and is ascending in an approximately linear way.

Antioxidant activity of aerial part of Cytisus scoparius, Link (Family Leguminosae) was studied both by in vitro and in vivo models. Different concentrations of different extracts of chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of plant were investigated for in vitro antioxidant activity using the thiocyanate method. The hydroalcoholic extract exhibited highest inhibitory activity on peroxidation, over other organic extracts and IC50 value (30.2 g/ml) of the hydroalcoholic extract was found to be less than the standard, a-tocopherol (IC50 value of 66.1g/ml). The hydroalcoholic extract was further evaluated for in vivo antioxidant activity, such as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH). A significant (p < 0.05) rise in FRAP level was observed in the hydroalcoholic extract. The extract showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction of TBARS and increase in SOD enzyme level in liver and kidney. The extract treatment at higher dose only caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of the catalase in liver and kidney. However, there was no significant effect of TBARS, SOD, and CAT in the heart. In reduced glutathione, the extract did not cause significant changes in liver, heart and kidney. These results suggested that hydroalcoholic extract of Cytisus scoparius had significant antioxidant activity, which supports the claim about the plant to be used as antioxidant in Indian system of medicine.

Genital Ureaplasma urealyticum infection is considered to be a sexually transmitted infection. The bacterium has been found to be involved in PID, chorioamnionitis, urethritis, respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia in newborn, abortion and infertility. U. urealyticum infections not only jeopardize fertility but also pose a risk for infertility treatment and resulting pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of U. urealyticum in specimens from infertile women by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 377 endocervical swab samples were taken from infertile women. Mycoplasma genus and U. urealyticum were detected by means of the polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Mycoplasma genus DNA was detected in specimens from 141 (37.4%) of 377 patients. Of these 141 patients 85 (22.5% of total specimens) were PCR positive with urease gene primers for U. urealyticum. The isolation rate of U. urealyticum in young women (<30 age) was higher than others. Because of the potential adverse effects of U. urealyticum on the success rate of highly specialized infertility treatment, and its causal roles in several maternal complications of pregnancy and in neonatal morbidity and mortality, the rapid detection of U. urealyticum by PCR in infertile women could be important and necessary. The increased sensitivity and shorter time requirement of PCR support its further development for the diagnosis of U. urealyticum infections.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of the methanol extract of Eupatorium ayapana (MEEA) (Family- Asteraceae) leaves in Wistar albino rats. The different groups of animals were administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at 72 h interval. The MEEA at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg and silymarin 25 mg/kg were administered to the CCl4 treated rats. The effect of MEEA and silymarin on serum transaminase (SGOT, SGPT), serum alkaline phosphates (SALP), bilirubin, uric acid and total protein were measured in the CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Further, the effects of the extract on lipid peroxidation (LPO), enzymatic antioxidant such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT), and nonenzymatic antioxidant like glutathione (GSH) were estimated. MEEA and silymarin produced significant (P < 0.05) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, uric acid, and lipid peroxidation and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH and protein in a dose dependent manner. From these results, it was suggested that MEEA possesses potent hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) from Piperaceae and its main ingredient (piperine) reduces gastric emptying in rats. In Iranian traditional medicine, black pepper is used to relief the menorrhalgia in women. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of black pepper fruit aqueous extract on non-pregnant rat uterus contractions and the mechanism(s) of its action. To prepare the extract, black pepper powder was added to boiling distilled water and then, solvent was evaporated. Uterus was dissected from non-pregnant adult rat (Wistar) and in De Jalon solution the tissue contractions were recorded isometrically under 1 g tension. The extract (0.125-2 mg/ml) reduced the uterus contractions induced by KCl (60 mM) and oxytocin (10 mU/ml) dose dependently (P<0.0001). The spasmolytic effect of extract on the KCl-induced contractions was not reduced by L-NAME (100 µM), phentolamine (1 µM) or naloxone (1 µM). However, propranolol (1 µM) reduced the extract activity (P<0.01–P<0.0001). In Ca2+free De Jalon solution with high potassium (60 mM), extract (0.0312-0.25 mg/ml) reduced the contractions induced by cumulative concentrations of CaCl2 (0.1-0.5 mM) dose dependently (P<0.05– P<0.0001). Our results suggest that the spasmolytic effect of the extract on rat uterus was mediated via voltage dependent calcium channels and β-adrenoceptors could also be involved in this action. Our results may support the use of black pepper in traditional medicine to relief the menorrhalgia.

Sodium valproate (SV), an antiepileptic drug has several mechanism of action. It inhibits voltage sensitive Na channels and reduces intracellular Na accumulation. These actions are similar to that of both phenytoin and carbamazepine. We have investigated the direct cardiac action of SV and its effects on ouabain-induced arrhythmia in isolated guinea-pig atria. The guinea-pig atrium was dissected out and suspended in modified Krebs solution under physiologic conditions. Drug was added into the solution. The changes in rate and contractions were measured using a physiograph. SV (100-300µg/ml) caused a dose-dependent decrease in contractile force of isolated guinea-pig atria (9-120%, P<0.001), but not any change on the rate of contractions. Ouabain alone (1.2 µg/ml) produced arrhythmia at 10 min and asystole at 21 min. Pretreatment with SV (200µg/ml) significantly increased time of onset of arrhythmia to 29 min and asystole to more than 38 min. SV may have a direct cardiac effect to reduce the membrane conductance through ion channels which may decrease ouabain toxicity in isolated guinea-pig atria.

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats is followed by long-term and progressive deficits in learning, memory, and cognitive performance which is somewhat similar to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (SAD). Epidemiological studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could delay or slow the clinical expression of SAD. Therefore, the beneficial effect of mefenamic acid (MA) was investigated on ICV STZ-induced learning, memory, and cognitive impairment in male rats. For this purpose, rats were injected with ICV STZ bilaterally, on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg). The STZ-injected rats received MA (30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) starting from day 5 post-surgery for two weeks. The learning and memory performance was assessed using passive avoidance paradigm, and for spatial cognition evaluation, radial eight-arm maze (RAM) task was used. It was found out that MA-treated STZ-injected rats show higher correct choices and lower errors in RAM than vehicle-treated STZ-injected rats. In addition, MA administration significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in STZ-injected group in passive avoidance test. These results demonstrate MA efficacy against cognitive deficits as well as learning and memory impairment caused by ICV injection of STZ in rats and its potential in the treatment of some neurodegenerative disorders including SAD.

The protective effect of a L-type calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, on cell injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells was investigated. PC12 cells were exposed to in-vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (30 minutes and 60 minutes respectively) in the presence or absence of nimodipine (10mM/L) in three different time schedules (pre-24h, pre-3h and concurrently). Cellular viability was assessed by MTT assay. OGD-induced cell injury was significantly attenuated by nimodipine in all three treatment schedules. Application of MK801 (10mM/L), an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors also inhibited PC12 cell death by OGD method. Our study suggests that nimodipine has protective effects against OGD-induced neurotoxicity.

Magnesium sulfate is widely used in obstetrics and is drug of choice in two important complications of pregnancy, preeclampsia and preterm labor. The antagonistic effects of magnesium sulfate on calcium ion and on platelet aggregation may lead to changes in bleeding time. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulfate on bleeding time in women with threatened preterm labor. A group of 40 patients with signs of preterm labor were treated with magnesium sulfate (4 grams in 200 ml D.W.5% in 20 minutes followed by maintenance dose of 2 grams per hour infusion) and template bleeding time (with IVY method), platelet count and mean arterial pressure were obtained before and 2 hours after magnesium sulfate infusion. The data were analyzed using paired t-test. The mean bleeding time before and after treatment were 161.1.6 and 169.8 seconds respectively and the mean platelet count was 179,925 and 185,250 respectively. The mean arterial pressure was 86.9 mmHg before treatment compared to 81.9.3 mmHg after treatment. According to the data presented in this study, there was no significant difference in bleeding time and platelet count before and after treatment with magnesium sulfate whereas the mean arterial pressure was significantly different (p<0.001) before and after treatment with magnesium sulfate

It is a common misconception that ayurvedic medicines (traditional Indian system of medicine) are always safe. In fact, they also pose serious health risks either in the form of adverse reactions or in the form of drug interactions. Over 80% of our population takes ayurvedic medicines. To evaluate the safety profile of Tinospora cordifolia in healthy volunteers using a battery of haematological, and biochemical tests and open questionnaire method. Thirty healthy volunteers (males - 22 and females - 8) aged 18 - 30 years (mean 22.5 ± 0.28) who volunteered to participate were studied in a randomized, double - blind, placebo controlled design. The volunteers were provided with 21 days of medication (coded box) containing Tinospora cordifolia 500 mg or matching placebo. One tablet of Tinospora cordifolia of 500mg strength or placebo was taken once daily orally in the morning along with breakfast for 21 days. The safety assessment was done with the help of haematological and biochemical investigations which were assessed before and after the medication. ‘Unpaired t test’ using SPSS computer software package. Analysis of the various lab values between the control and the test group before and after taking the drug/placebo by unpaired ‘t’ test shows no significant difference between the groups (P = > 0.05).Hence it can be concluded that Tinospora cordifolia is safe at a dose of 500mg per day for a period 21 days in healthy volunteers for the parameters studied.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen, PCM) is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug. Intake of a large dose of PCM may result in severe hepatic necrosis. Oxidative stress is mediated by oxidative capacities of the PCM metabolite (N-acetyl-para-benzo quinoneimine, NAPQI), which covalently binds to proteins and other macromolecules to cause cellular damage. At low doses, NAPQI is considered as the main cause of PCM toxicity. This work therefore was designed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Alchornea cordifolia and to study the effect of its ethanol extract pretreatment (100-500mg/Kg) for two weeks before paracetamol intoxication (2g/Kg) on glutathione S-transferases activity. The antioxidative property revealed total phenol level of 0.22mg/ml and reducing power 0.062mg/ml which was higher than vitamin E reducing value of 0.042 mg/ml. Paracetamol toxicity produced a significant decrease in the hepatic levels of glutathione S-transferases when compared with the control. Alchornea cordifolia significantly reduced the level of hepatic glutathione S- transferase but it however, produced a dose dependent significant increase in the levels of glutathione S-transferases in the presence of the toxicant. The results suggest that the Alchornea cordifolia is a potent antioxidant since the detoxification of paracetamol can be mediated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalyzed conjugation with glutathione (GSH) in the liver. The plant extract can ameliorate the effect of PCM intoxication. The increased hepatic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) levels induced by the extract treatment can, therefore, reduce the acute paracetamol toxicity.

Suppression of Akt (Protein kinase B) has been implicated in schizophrenia, the effect which has been documented to be reversed by tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. Thus, present study has been designed to study the effect of sodium orthovanadate, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, on protracted methionine administration induced schizophrenia like behavior in rats. Schizophrenia like behavior was assessed in number of circuits of cage (locomotor activity), number of climbs of sides (climbing), number of rears, face washing, scratching and chewing (stereotypy). Methionine administration (1.7 g / kg/ d, p.o.) for a period of 30 days elicited schizophrenia like behavior in rats as assessed in terms of locomotor activity, climbing and stereotypy. However, sodium orthovanadate (15, 30 & 60 mg / kg, i.p.) coadministered from day 15 to day 30 markedly reduced this methionine induced increase in locomotor activity (from 40 ± 5.45 to 22 ± 2.82), climbing (from 57 ± 4.05 to 22 ± 2.12) as well as stereotypy (from 159 ± 6.9 to 59 ± 3.9).Therefore, sodium orthovanadate treatment caused reversal of protracted methionine administration induced schizophrenia like behavior in rats reflected that inhibition of tyrosine phosphatase might be a useful approach in the therapeutics of schizophrenia.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multi-system disease of unknown cause. It affects the people in their prime of life, predominantly between the ages of 20-50 years with unpredictable course. Sudard is used in the ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of inflammation and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthritis, frozen shoulder, sciatica, ankylosing spondylitis and chronic backache. Our study was aimed to evaluate efficacy of sudard using different animal models such as formalin (2% v/v) induced acute inflammation, carrageen (1% v/v) induced polyarthritis, adjuvant induced arthritis, subacute inflammation by sponge implantation technique and analgesic activity by Eddy’s hot plate method. The results indicate that the formulation sudard possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and analgesic activities in the experimental animal models.

The ethanol extract of Bacopa monnieri Linn. (Schrophulariaceae) aerial parts (EBM) was investigated for any in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. EBM was prepared and estimation of total phenolics was carried out. Further, the antioxidant activity of EBM was studied using four in vitro models. The amount of total phenolics was estimated to be 47.7 (g of pyrocatechol equivalent per mg of extract. The reducing power of the extract was found to be concentration dependant. The antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity was also concentration dependant with IC50 value being 238.22 g/ml, 29.17 g/ml and 22.92 g/ml respectively. The activities were found to be comparable with the reference drugs. Different groups of animals (Wistar albino rats) were administered with paracetamol (500 mg/kg, p.o., once in a day for 7 days). EBM at the dose of 300 mg/kg/day and silymarin 25 mg/kg/day were administered to the paracetamol treated rats for seven days. The effects of EBM and silymarin on serum transaminases (SGOT, SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin (Direct and Total), cholesterol (HDL and Total) and total protein were measured in the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic rats. Further, the effects of the extract on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated. EBM and silymarin produced significant (P < 0.05) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, total cholesterol and in vivo lipid peroxidation and significantly (P < 0.05) increasing the levels of GSH, SOD, CAT and HDL cholesterol. EBM also showed antioxidant effects on FeCl2-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. From these results, it was suggested that EBM could protect the liver cells from paracetamol-induced liver damage perhaps, by its antioxidative effect on hepatocytes, hence eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites from paracetamol.

The present study was carried out to determine the free radical scavenging properties of some plants, found in Malaysia. The air-dried leaves of each plant (20 g) were soaked in distilled water (1:20; w/v) for 72 h at room temperature. Collected supernatants were tested for free radical scavenging activity against the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. All extracts were found to show remarkable antioxidant activity in both assays with the percentage inhibition (%) of 94–99% and 83–100%, respectively. Phytochemicals screening of all plants demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes and steroids, but not alkaloids. Tannins were detected only in the leaves of M. calabura, D. linearis, M. malabathricum. The ability to scavenge free radicals indicates these plants potential as new sources of antioxidant agents, and the activity seen could be attributed to the synergistic effect of various bioactive compounds presence in those extracts, particularly of the flavonoids type. Further study has been designed in our laboratory to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed antioxidant activity.

Chemical investigation of Garcinia eugenifolia and Calophyllum enervosum yielded six compounds. One of these was found to be a novel compound identified as enervosanone. Five known compounds cambogin, epicatechin, osajaxanthone, rubraxanthone and isocowanol, were also isolated. These compounds were tested for their bioactivity as antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicagents. Antimicrobial assay was performed using disc diffusion method. The antioxidative activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method by electron spin resonance. The cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay against MCF7 cell line. Enervosanone and rubraxanthone were active against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 26.82, 26.82, 26.82, 26.82 and 60.97, 30.48, 60.97, 60.97 mM, respectively. Rubraxanthone and epicatechin exhibited antioxidant activities with IC50 of 0.89 mM and 2.6 mM, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay on MCF7 cell line showed that enervosanone was found to be active in inhibiting cell proliferation of MCF7 with IC50 of 1.07 mM.

The antimicrobial efficacy of methanol and water extracts of seeds of the plant Swietenia macrophylla (Family: Meliaceae) was evaluated against selected pathogenic bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus MTCC 430, Klebsiella penumoniae MTCC 109, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 424, Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 98, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 106) and fungal stains (Candida albicans MTCC 183, Cryptococcus albidus MTCC 2661, Aspergillus niger MTCC 16404, Aspergillus flavus MTCC 1973). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and micro dilution assay methods. Streptomycin and gentamicin were used as standard antibacterial drugs whilst fluconazole was used as standard antifungal drug. Results of both assays showed that the seeds possess significant antimicrobial activity in terms of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Results are comparable to that of standard drugs selected. It is also evident from results that methanol extract showed better activity than that of water extract.

Use of molluscicides in the attractant food pellet (AFP) is an effective method of snail control. Different concentrations of these molluscicides viz. Azadirachta indica bark powder, Allium sativum bulb powder, Polianthes tuberosa bulb powder, Annona squamosa seed powder, their active components azadirachtin, allicin, hecogenin, acetogenin; herbal molluscicide pestoban and a synthetic molluscicide, snail kill in the attractant food pellets containing starch and agar were tested for molluscicidal activity for 144h against the snail, Lymnaea acuminata. Active components of all the plant derived molluscicides were more toxic to L. acuminata than crude forms. The stability of bait formulations was studied by storing the pellets up to 4 weeks. Storage of molluscicide baits caused reduction in toxicity compared to synthetic agent.

The aim of the present research was focused on the antibacterial, preliminary phytochemical and pharmacognostical properties of Vicoa indica (L.)DC. via in vitro approach. The aqueous and organic solvent (hexane, chloroform and methanol) extracts from the leaves of Vicoa indica (Asteraceae) were tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar cup plate method. The results showed promising antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. Among these, hexane and aqueous extracts were found to have a potent inhibitory effect compared to the other extracts. Hexane and aqueous extracts showed several degrees of antibacterial properties against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. typhi. The chloroform extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. pneumoniae, S. typhi and B. subtilis, establishing effectiveness of this drug for the treatment of infectious diseases. The methanol extracts exhibited excellent activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which prove the potentiality of the plant extract for the treatment of various infections. This study includes preliminary phytochemical and pharmacognostic investigations on the taxon.