فصلنامه پازند
پیاپی 8-9 (بهار و تابستان 1386)

The development of semantics,as a branch of linguistics in the persent era is the consequence of an ancient trend, spread in different fields of knowledge.Such an investigation about the history of semantic surveys can be traced in different fields such as literature,psychology,philosophy and theology.The present paper aims at investigating the history of semantics through the writings of western philosophers.This paper reviews different philosophical approaches to the unit of meaning proposition and cognition,from the ancient Greece to the present time.

During the past twenty years, an increasing interest toward codeswitching phenomenon has been made. Code-switching in 1950 and 1960 decades, had little importance but, some of the pioneers in 1970 decade paid attention to its syntactic and sociolinguistics aspects, so that many researchers in the fields of syntax, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic inclined to it. Code-switching, is the synchronous oraltenative use of two languages. In other words, code-switching is the act of combining or changing between the elements of more than one language in a speech communication. It belongs not to the languerealm but to the parole one. This article aims to give a division of different types of code-switching and determine the quality of this process and its motivations.

Studies relevance to Mazandarani language shows the speakers tendency to persian language. The method of this research, which is descriptive- analytic, is estimating the amount and the quality of using Mazandarani words among Jouybari speakers (Jouybar is a small town in the center of Mazandaran). The purpose of this study is estimating age as a social factor in using Mazandarani local words by using “Questionnaire for gathering Dialects” prepared by Bahram Farahvashi and Moris swaddesh list. Fifty speakers from five aging groups: the aged(60 to up), adults(40 to 60),the youth(20 to 40),adolescents(10 to 20) and child(2 to 10) are chosen. The research sample is composed of 200 of 1300 dialect words in questionnaire. The results are arranged in three tables. The first table is composed of the words with the highest frequency. The second table is divided to five tables. Each table is set on the basis of all the presented answers and their percentages. In the third table, which is the basis of the analysis, all the words divide to eleven categories (relativeness,animals,food,house,facilities,objects, sentence, infinitives,disease, natural phenomena, organs of body, genitive expressions). The most used words with their percentages are shown in this table. The average of frequency is calculated according to the eleven categories in different ages. These averages are:1-Total average of eleven categories in using Mazandarani-Jouybari words for 60 to up years old is%83/43, for 40 to 60 is %81/22, for 20 to 40 is %77/68, for 11 to 19 is %44/84 and for 2 to 10 years old is %14/25.On the whole, the received results shows that the most tendencies to using Mazandarani words is among the aged or parents. The number of speakers decreases among adolescents and children. The received results shows the language change from Mazandarani to Persian.

This is a comprehensive research on modality in persian language. All the Grammarians introduced them according their functions in a setence, didn’t pay attention to their meanings.In this essay, their semantic functions was Represented in the relation to discourse. Since they have various meanings,context should help the listener to get the right meanings. Modality allows the speaker classify his / her intention, commitment,… Moreover, they Were represented on a continuum from the most transparent meaning to the most opacity. For example: HAD BETTER(English) BEHTAREH(Persian) In this language, behtare proceed a negative verb,such as BEHTAREH NARI The meaning is, you shouldn’t go there, it is a suggestion.Somtimes they have more than one meaning like BAYAD,TAVANESTAN,MOMKEN,KHASTAN,ADATDASHTAN their meanings were classified regarding Transparency to Opacity.Its goal is to answer the following question “what are the effects and non-Effects of modality upon linguistic structure? We considered the spoken language But it can examined in sign language, too.Someregards gestures as manual-Visual modality.As a whole, modality is an important part of a language that relates to discourse factors.The modals can convey the speaker’s intention accompanying the syntactic structures.The inherent meaning of them is transparent, but other meanings are towards opacity. Transparency and Opacity are semantic concepts but relates to pragmatics.In this situation, Context will help the listener to get the speaker’s intention.As a conclusion, the impotant factors in conveying the meaning of modals are as follows:1)Focus2)context3)linguistic segments

The concept of portfolio was adopted from the field of fine arts where portfolios are used to display illustrative samples of artist's work (Moya & O' Malley, 1994).Portfolio assessment is the systematic collection of student work measured against predetermined scoring criteria. These criteria often take the form of scoring guides, rubrics, checklists, or rating scales (OMalley & Valden Pierce, 1996). According to Kaczmark (1994),portfolio is a collection of samples of student work developed over time, chosen according to specific criteria, to reflect student progress and achievement, and presented with an introduction, explanation or assessment of the contents. Portfolios, like a slide show, demonstrate student achievement, rather than the snapshot of student achievement that single occasion tests provide (Gomez, 1999).

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the rhetorical structure of research article abstracts published in The ESP Journal 27 years ago with those published in this journal in 2007. The structuralunits that constitute the macrostructure of these abstracts are identified following Martin (2003). The results indicate that there are similarities between both groups of abstracts as they present the four basicstructural units that constitute different sections of a research article.However, some differences were also observed between the two groups of abstracts. The author has tried to account for these differences in the conclusion section of the article.