فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 17، پاییز 1387)

There are many approaches to the study of family relationships which consider the division of labour and participation in decision making. The Study of power structure in the family is an important subject in sociology. The theoretical investigations show that the power structure is made of objective and subjective factors such as type and extent of access to resources at spouses’ disposal, their beliefs, their knowledge on gender differences, their abilities, and the like. The aim of this survey is explanation of relationships among power structure, resources, and gender beliefs. The research model is derived from resource theory and Bourdieu’s theory. The sample was 682 married women that live at Kermān city and its nearby villages. This results show that power structure is affected by resources, beliefs, and demographic factors.

This research aims at studying beliefs, values, and textbooks contents on gender and their role in representation and problem-solving of the issue of gender equality by the students. The data was collected through textbooks content analysis and interviews which were conducted with students and their families in order to study the role of beliefs and values. The content of concept of gender was analyzed in 24 secondary school textbooks. The process of problem-solving on gender equality among students and the families were measured by conducting interviews. To investigate the beliefs and values of students on gender equality in the process of problem solving, 18 girl students from three high, middle, and low socio-cultural levels were selected, and their views were delineated through a semi-structured interview and concurrent verbal protocol. The beliefs and values of their families about gender were analyzed through a semi-structured interview as well. Findings indicated out of 16 interviews with families 5 believed in gender equality, whereas 9 held gendered views. Two cases regarded social realities and some differences between men and women in gender role taking. Data illustrated in 12 cases there was an adaptation between families and students beliefs. Content analysis of textbooks showed that the written and pictorial presentations both reinforce males’ viewpoints within traditional approach. In spite of the common message of the textbooks, and also compared to their families’ beliefs and values on gender, students used different approaches in gender equality problem.

Androgyny and neuroticism are two variables that influence the quality of life in the infertile women. Studies show that there are lower quality of life in the infertility women and that they experience psychological problems. The aim of the present study is to explore possibility of any relationship between androgen and neuroticism with quality of life in the fertility and infertile women. The sample of the study consisted of 120 fertile and infertile women (60 in each group) selected from two hospitals in Tehrān. The instruments employed in this research were Sex-Role Inventory, NEO Personality Inventory, and Quality of Life Questionnaire. The results showed that, androgyny is negatively related to quality of life in the fertile and infertile women (0.43 vs. 0.30). There was a positive relationship between neuroticism and quality of life in the fertile and infertile women (–0.23 vs. –0.55). The results of multiple regression showed that androgyny and neuroticism explained 57 percent of variance of quality of life in infertile women, while it explained only 30 percent of variance of quality of life in fertile women. The results indicated that high level of androgyny and low level of neuroticism increases quality of life, respectively. The results are congruent with findings from other studies.

The main question that concerns this paper is whether the collection of ParvinE’tesāmī’s poems contains any philosophical thinking, and if the answer is affirmative where its more striking strands are located? In this research, writer tries to find a response for this question: Is there philosophical thought in poem? If there is, which kind is more important? The collection of Parvin’s poems is not a philosophical book, neither is she a philosopher. But there are elements such as cosmology, anthropology, the divine decree, destiny issues, and the role of intention and authority that are indicative of her philosophical thoughts and confirm her familiarity with philosophical issues. Parvin’s cosmology, similar to other Muslim artists, is Quranic vision to universe; she sees all the existence as the appearance of God. Parvin’s anthropology is anthropology of Islamic philosophy. She considers “Man” as a two dimensional being: “Body” and “Soul”—“Wisdom” and “Science” strengthen the soul; and “Satan” and “Carnal Soul” are thieves of divine part of his/her existence. On the issue of destiny Parvin believes that some of our affairs are out of our ability and we give up. But on some other affairs, control is given to human beings and they can decide. Man’s authority is free in this part. So Man’s fate and society’s fate change with trial and effort. Parvin considers fortune as a divine decree. These issues in the collection of poems of Parvin show that there is philosophical thought in poet’s mind and throughout her collected work this kind of philosophical thought is being detected.

This article argues that women and men experience different situations, not only in the rate of participation and unemployment but also in the type of occupation, career advancement, and wages. This paper examines the factors that affect career advancement of women in general, yet it particularly emphasizes the familial factors. Using the survey method, a sample of 120 from 50 governmental organizations was selected whichincluded married women who had children.The results show that career advancement of women rested on an average rate and that the familial factors exertedsignificantly higher effects compared to other factors. The factors such as qualityof role,role strain,gender division of labour, and the structural demands in the family and distress had immediate effects, while other variables like depression, stress, and career exhaustion had indirect effects on the career advancement of women.The organizational factors were found to have no effects.

Headship over family underarticle 1105 of Civil Rights Code is a privileged feature of husband. This feature is not only a right but also a duty. Actually, this headship is limited to expediencies and profits of family and any violation is considered as aggression or abuse of the right. One of the effects of this headship is the right to decision as to wife’s employment. Employment under the law is a legal right for man and woman, but in cases that wife’s employment is in contradiction to expediencies of family, wife’s employment right is limited. So, if husband consented to wife’s employment or in the case of non-contradiction to expediencies of family, the husband cannot opposite her employment.If wife’s employment does not bear any contradiction to profit of the family but the husband bound her to giving it up, husband is obliged to compensation under the abuse of right. This compensation includes damages imposed on employer due to giving up the employment by wife.

Participation as a requirement for development can be studied from different perspectives. In this survey-method research we examine how individual and social characteristics affect rate of women’s social participation. Our sample is 300 women over sixteen years of age who were selected by random sampling. The data gathering instrument is the questionnaire which measures participation in two aspects of formal and informal participation. The hypotheses have been developed from Parsons’s social action theory. For data analysis, descriptive statistic and significance testing methods were used. Findings indicate that the average rate of informal participation is higher than that of formal participation. Also characteristics such as universalism, rationality, futurism, education level, participation of family members, and the evaluation of participation benefits, all have significant relationship with rate of women social participation.