فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی مشهد
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، زمستان 1386)

The world’s extreme growth of population has led up to the development of various methods to prevent pregnancy. Some of these methods are designed to be based on the enzymes involved in the process of fertilization. LDH-C4 is an isoenzyme of lactate dehygrogenase that is found in mature testis and spermatozoa of many species. Its physiological function indicates that, this enzyme could be inhibited by oxamate and its derivations. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oxamate on both motility and fertility of mouse in vitro. The spermatozoa was extracted from the caudal part of epididymis and then divided into four groups,: one as the control group in T6 medium and the other three as the experiment groups in T6 medium containing different concentrations of oxamate (i.e.10, 20, 30 Mm). The samples were next incubated for 90 minutes for the purpose of capacitation. Finally, their motility was checked. To obtain the oocytes, the mice were super ovulated with PMSG and HCG hormones. A number of 600 oocytes were collected and divided into four groups in drops of T6 medium. The same procedure was carried out to collect spermatozoa from the same mentioned groups for the process of fertilization. After 6-8 hours, the rate of fertilization was checked. Our results indicate that oxamate at the concentration rate of 20 and 30 Mm would reduce both motility and fertility. Statistical analysis showed that the percentage of motility in both concentration rates of 20 and 30 Mm was significantly different from those in both the control group and the treatment group with a concentration level of 10 Mm (p< 0/05). The same results were obtained for the purpose of fertility, as well. These findings suggest that oxamate has an inhibitory role in both the motility and fertility of mouse in invitro.

Teenagers and the youth are the future parents and the authorities of tomorrow; therefore, their health status is of great importance and must be taken into consideration to prevent other forthcoming problems. The main purpose of this study was to assess the most common hearing & visual disorders of 14-18 year old high school male students in Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Educational Catchment Areas, Tehran- Iran in 2005-2006. This is a descriptive & cross - sectional research. In this study 216 boys aged 14 to 18 years, in grades one to three, were randomly selected from high schools,. The type of sampling used for the present study was multistage sampling. The subjects were then assessed for the existence of visual and hearing disorders. The data collection tools were a questionnaire, observation record sheets, Snellen chart, whisper test and 512 and 1024 Hz diapason. The findings of the study revealed that 20.1% of the students with glasses had reduced visual acuity in the right eye, 15.1% of them showed the disorder in their left eye and 11.5% had it in both eyes. However, in the students without glasses, 41.2% of them had reduced visual acuity in the right eye, 47% in the left eye and 29.4% in both eyes. Also, as for the type of disorder, 21.3% of the subjects had astigmatism in one or both eyes; 17.1% showed evident strabismus; but none of the students was found to be suffering from colour blindness. Regarding the hearing status, the findings showed that 4.2% of the students who were subjected to the whisper test, were found to have hearing loss in one or both ears. Based on tuning fork tests, 88.9% of the subjects had conductive and 11.1% of them were affected with sensoryneural hearing loss. Malnutrition, students’ inappropriate growth environment including insufficient use of proper light, and parents’ neglecting to provide good care for them may be some of the causes of such disorders. Finally, the results of this study suggest the importance of hearing & visual health for the students.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory and pruritic disease with an inheritable background. Atopic dermatitis patients are susceptible to some infections including viral infections due to the underlying immunological disorders. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of wart in children with atopic dermatitis.This is a cross- sectional study which was performed on children aged 1-13 years in kermancity. 61 children with atopic dermatitis referring to the dermatology clinic were consecutively selected as the case group. 60 healthy subjects among the kindergarten and school children were selected as the control group. The frequency of wart was investigated in both case and control groups according to age, gender, sport, public swimming pool bath, personal habits (nail biting, finger or lip sucking) and family history.Sixty one subjects suffering from atopic dermatitis with the mean age and the SD of 62.08 ± 41.58 months (ranging 12-156) were entered in this study. The frequency of male participants was 44.3% while 55.7% of the subjects were females. Nine subjects in the group of atopic dermatitis patients and 5 subjects in the control group were affected with wart. The statistical analysis did not show any significant correlation between the two groups of the study (α2=291.1, P=0.27). From 61 atopic dermatitis children, 36 subjects had a positive family history of dermatitis, asthma, rhinitis, among whom 6 subjects had a family history of wart that was significant for the purpose of this study (X2=14, P=0.00012).The most common and frequent kind of wart was the common type and the most common site of involvement affected with wart was found to be the palmo-plantar area. In this study, there was no meaningful relationship between wart and atopic dermatitis.However, positive family background was the most important risk factor for wart.

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disease of the nervous system. Cognitive impairment caused by Parkinson Disease may range from a single isolate symptom to sever dementia. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of dementia in the patients affected by Parkinson Disease. This study is a cross sectional study which was performed on 60 patients suffering from Parkinson Disease who referred to the neurology clinic of Shahrivar 17th Hospital during the years of 2004-2005. After examining and defining the present signs and symptoms, all the patients were classified into four grades, according to Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS). Then, the presence of dementia was investigated based on the criteria as presented in “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, the revised fourth edition (DSMIV). Also, we evaluated the risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipedemia, smoking, and diabetes mellitus in the cases of study. 60 patients with peak incidence were included in the study. The patients aged at a range of 55-65years old. The male patients in the study outnumbered the females, with a ratio of 3/1. Dementia was found to be present in 42% of the patients. Out of 20 patients who were diagnosed with abnormal CT results, 80% (16 patients) had dementia while the other 20 % (4 patients) did not. As the findings of the study indicate, Grade 3 of PD was the most frequent type among the patients with dementia while Grade 2 of PD was the most prevalent in the patients without it. In terms of the risk factor of smoking, it was found to be frequent in 28% of the patients with dementia, but in only 3% of the patients without dementia. The frequency of hypertension was measured as16% among the patients with dementia and 14% among the patients who did not have dementia. 36% of the patients with dementia were involved in at least one of the risk factors whereas that was the case with 25% of the patients who did not have dementia. From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the frequency of dementia may increase by ascending the severity of Parkinson Disease. Dementia in these patients was not found to have any statistical relationship with the risk factors such as smoking, hypertension and diabetes. However, there is a need to investigate the problem in a larger population to be able to generalize the results of this study.

Tibial Fracture is the most common fracture of long bones. There are different methods of treatment for dealing with Tibial Fracture. However, the treatment of choice should be the one that provides for good fixation and prevents any disturbance in the process of union as well as considering preserving the range of motion in the knees and ankles. It is also important to help patients work out weight bearing problems as soon as possible. The Objective of this study was to determine the potential benefits and likelihood of complications due to the use of Intra Medullary Nailed Method with limited ream for the treatment of Tibial Fracture. In a cross-sectional descriptive study during the years of 2002 to 2004, 50 patients with Tibial Fracture were operated using the method of Intra Medullary Nailed with limited ream. Then, the post-operative pain and complications were evaluated. Finally, the statistical analysis was performed using chi square and T Test by SPSS software. Among the common causes of fracture, being involved in motorcycle accidents was found to be the most common one in the age range of 17-34 years. Sixty two percent of the subjects were able to walk with the help of a crutch with complete weight bearing within one week after the operation and 92% of them were able to walk comfortably, without a crutch, after 4 months. Finally, all the patients could unify the fractures within a mean period of 6 month. Intra Medullary Nailed with limited ream is a desirable method for the treatment of Tibial Fracture, especially for comminuted and segmented fractures.

Dry eye is a common disturbance of the tear film that is due to inadequate secretion or over evaporation of the tear film. A decrease of aqua’s layer may cause instability of the tear film, leading to the injury of the ocular surface. The objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency of dry eye in patients by using Shirmer and Basic tests. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study on 100 patients who were complaining about eye diseases. The eye symptoms were recorded and all the subjects were examined for the potential eye diseases using a slit lamp. In order to determine the prevalence of dry eye, both tests of Schirmer I and Basic Tear Secretion were used. Those subjects that were not cooperative enough as well as some other patients who mentioned a history of eye surgery or those who were suffering from either lid anatomical or anterior segment derangement were excluded from the study. Among all the eye symptoms, itching and foreign body sensation were found to have significant correlation, according to the results obtained from Schirmer I test (P<0.04). The only symptom that had a significant correlation, as found by the Schirmer I test, was abnormal meibomian secretions (p=0.025). Also, foreign body sensation symptom showed significant correlation based on the results of the Basic Test (P<0.016). According to the results obtained from Schirme 1 test, 25% of the patients were determined as abnormal while the Basic Test determined only 4% of the patients as abnormal and the results for 25% were suspected. Thus, it can be concluded that in order to prevent injury to the surface of the eye, it is recommended that special attention be paid to the clinical signs and symptoms of dry eye as well as the proper use of tests.

Metabolic syndrome or X Syndrome is a state of metabolic deregulation characterized by insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and central or visceral obesity. According to the high rate of prevalence of this condition and the common complications such as atherosclerosis and Diabetes Type 2, it seems it is important to prevent the occurrence of such a syndrome through early diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of Serum Uric Acid in patients with metabolic syndrome in order to predict the likelihood of the presence of metabolic syndrome. In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 300 patients during 1384 to 1385 H.S. Metabolic syndrome was defined for this study as a condition when 3 criteria of ATPIII (adult treatment panel) were presented. The criteria are: hypertension, dyslipidemia, high BMI and hyperglycemia. Two hundred and thirty one subjects participated in this study who were evaluated for metabolic syndrome and serum uric acid level. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, according to ATPIII criteria, was %68.4 (157). Thirty one percent (73) of the subjects revealed fewer criteria. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and weight diameter were significantly higher in the subjects that suffered from metabolic syndrome. The level of Serum Uric Acid in the patients with metabolic syndrome (5.89 ± 1.79 mg/dl) was significantly higher than that in the control group (4.66± 1.24 mg/dl) (p=0.0001). Hyperuricemia is significantly higher in the patients with metabolic syndrome than the normal subjects and it can be used as a predicting factor for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Patient rights are defined as those services patients deserve to receive during their admission period. These rights include the right of selection, decision making, respect, complaint, protection, medication and intensive cares, disregard of their financial, political, geographical situations and their religion. In this respect, a nurse’s duty is to fulfill the patient rights. The present study was conducted to evaluate a random number of one hundred and eighty nine employed nurses who aged 19 years and above. The subjects of the study include those whowere working in the university teaching hospital as well as those working in the Social Security Hospitals located in the city of karaj. A questionnaire was prepared in two sections: The first section includes 8 questions regarding demographic characteristics of the subjects and the second section consists of 21 questions relevant to the knowledge of nurses about patient rights. The results indicate that the level of the participants’ knowledge about patient rights is 22.38 percent. Also, a significant correlation was found between the variable of experience and the participants’ level of knowledge about patient rights (p = 0.009, r = 0.903). Based on our findings, it can be concluded that our nurses’ level of knowledge about patient rights is low as the results of this study compatible with the findings in other studies. Therefore, we recommend further studies on the related aspects to ultimately lead to upgrading the level of knowledge about patient rights on the part of nurses.