پژوهشنامه حکمت و فلسفه اسلامی
سال پنجم شماره 17 (بهار 1385)

The Fariqayn jurists (foqaha) have not mentioned any special condition for the legitimate defense in the realm of "Organized Defense". The only condition existing in this realm is the occurance of war or aggression of enemies. The mentioned condition is one of the common conditions in defending land and personal defense. In the subject of "aggression condition" some issues such as precautionary defense, the probability of aggression, the occurred aggression and the aggression of irrelevant people, strangers, animals and beasts, are taken into consideration. The second condition mentioned for the legitimate defense is "the necessity and exigency of defense". Based on this condition, the defender is liable to use force only if there is no other way out for removing or preventing danger. The third condition mentioned is "the balance condition" between aggression and defense. The term - balanced condition – is taken from the phrase "الأسهل فالأسهل" [al-as-hal, fal-as-hal]. By this phrase foqaha mean one should observe a gradual and graded increase in action while defending. Foqaha have mentioned some stages for defending wherein the defender should defend himself through the safest and the least troublesome way he thinks it would be the best, and then if needed, gradually he can apply more severe actions.

One of the most important narrative reasonings [i.e., reasonings based on narrations and traditions] on the superiority and rightfulness of Ahle-Beit (a) is the honorable hadith of Thaqlayn. The mentioned hadith is an undeniably true tradition having been narrated in lots of Shiite and Sunnite sources in a way that all Shiite and Sunnite scholars believe it. The Holy Prophet (s.a.a.s), has emphatically ordered the Islamic Ommah [nations] to obey Ahle-Beit (a). The present essay aims at analizing some related questions through comparative analysis between different sources and Shiite's viewpoint versus Sunnites', and has used narrative, historical and lexical sources as well as various commentaries

"What is the relation between reason and vahy? What is the scope of each?" "Is the divine teachings – teachigs through Vahy – reasonably and logically demonstrable?"Undoubtedly these questions are very important and should be raised and answered.In the middle ages, the harsh actions and reactions of the churches against other's questions and ideas, changed the discussions between reason and Vahy to the contrasts between them.The sever ideas of religions rulers i.e., priests, concerning reason and Vahy and their harsh reactions against people's and intellectual's ideas brought about a big war of ideas and eventually religious epistemology was impugned and denigrated and that was the beginning of appearance of secular and anti-religious thoughts. Moreover, Although these issues were peculiar to the position of Religion in the west world, they have been deliberately and maliciously publicized and dessiminated by the rulers of politics in the scope of religion. The present research tries to survey and evaluate the ideas of the religious Christian thinkers of the middle ages and the Muslim scholars.

The martyrdom of Imam Hossain-ebne-Ali (a) in the year 61 (A.H.) played an important role in breathing some reveloutionary and religious morale to the Shiite world especially in some regions of far distance with the caliphate capital such as Iran, Iraq, etc.* The influence was in a way that some of the great and leaders of Shia', placed fighting against tyrants and cruels of the time as their major goal, carrying out the military operations defatigably through out history.It is evident that the Shiite uprisings were followed by reactions and positiontakings from the society of that time particularly Shiites and above them the Infallible Imams. This article tries to survey some of Shiite uprisings

Having investigated in the origins of Islamic sects and the narrations of The Holy Prophet (s.a.a.s), we can come to the conclusion that the best way and the firmest point of Islamic unity are Quran and 'Etrat.The present study considering the importance of Islamic unity has worked on the different axes of Islamic unity and the elements which have caused the convergence and divergence of ideas based on the thoughts of "Allamah Sheikh Sharafeddin". The essay includes five chapters: The first chapter accounts for the concept of Quran and it's applicability, 'Etrat, Ahle-Beit (a) and unity. The second chapter discusses the importance and necessity of unity among Muslims (Shiites & Sunnites). Resorting to Quran and 'Etrat are the unification procedures which have been discussed in the third chapter. In chapter four the howness of resorting to Quran and 'Etrat is referred to, and finally in the last chpter the reasons of priority of Ahle-Beit's religious school (i.e., Shiism) have been stipulated

The study tries to survey and compare the thoughts of Ebne-Hazm and Hebatollah Lalkaei the two great thinkers of Zaheriyyah and Ahle-Hadith sects. Despite, some common ideas or agreemants between these two sects, for instance obeying "Ahle-Sunnat" and Jamaat, opposing Ghiyath [analogy], Estehsan or ray [will fullness in religious subjects, that is one looks to the religions subjects as he wishes.] and inclination towards Nass (i.e., obeying tradition, narrations and verses putting them as reasoning elements), there are some serious disagreements. From among the disagreements, we can refer to the Ebne-Hazm realism and his inclination toward reason, his superficial look upon Hadith, different positiontakings of each regarding Mutazeleh, Ashaereh; and arguing whit the opponents in a different way. At the end of the essay it is emphasized that for the existence of serious disagreements between the two sects, we can not consider them as one.

From two angels Abou-Haneefeh's point of view could be viewed and judged: One is to consider the common presupposition introducing him as a person who has always opposed Ahle-Beit (a); and as some have put it, he had made a business for himself. The other point of view is to consider his friendly relationship with Ahle-Beit (a), and his learnings in their presence to recall and revive the undeniable facts concerning his Shiite approach which is plentiful in Sunnite and Shiite sources.Since, for centuries, the first point of view has been considered as the real one, the present research tries to view the issue from another dimension, disclosing some covert facts.