فصلنامه مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم
پیاپی 15 (تابستان 1389)

Community punishments (alternatives to prison punishment) are applied and implemented according to incorporative criminal policy in society not in state institution and entities such as jail and similar institutions. Some of those punishments are surveillance period, daily fine penalty, community services, deprivation of social rights, simple and experimental Suspension, weekend arrestment, detention in house, partial freedom system and some other approaches like these. Some of these countries such as France by providing preliminary affairs and tools and also adoption of the criminal policy by state – democratic society (in its precise and exact meaning) in its criminal laws had greatly welcomed these punishments and reached to positive outcomes but in Iran community punishments are not welcomed by legislator yet. In Iran community punishment bill (as alternative to imprisonment penalty) was firstly approved for this purpose but approving Islamic social punishment bill represents that the legislator refused approving Islamic social punishment bill and reflected its articles by imposing some changes in Islamic social punishment bill. It is anticipated that in case of final administrative approval of this bill it faces a lot of problems and hinders. Legal and juridical experience of France in choosing social reflections against crime and delinquency and also taking amendment programs in criminal policy of Australia and Newlands is in order to removing imprisonment, diversion and decreasing the jail population is a successful experiment in this field. The experience of forenamed countries can be used as a guideline principle in making a suitable basement for design and implementation of community punishments, their tools and states and also knowing about hinders and challenges of community punishments in Iran’s criminal policy.

Social rehabilitation of criminals from point of view of punishment is one of important issues in criminal policy of most legal systems. This paper aims to provide an implementing process in order to social rehabilitation of criminals as a first step and in second step it considers the hindrance of implementing this process in criminal policy of Iran and expresses the existing harms in penal and post penal scopes. Analyzing of the current regulations and processes in penal contexts shows that in stage of specification and categorization of prisoners in prison organizations, mental and moral pathology of criminals is taken into consideration and not much attention is paid to recognizing and removing social factors of crime.Also after implementation of the crime, there are many problems which hinder rehabilitation of criminals; in one hand, subordinate punishments of the foreclosure of social rights and employment regulations of institutions as not employing those people who have penal records, hinders social rehabilitation and occupation of criminals and in other hand, lack of any efficient contraption in superintendence and effective control of criminals who are released from prison after implementing the sentence, provides the suitable situation for committing the crime by them. The result of the survey represents that preparing a scientific and cohesive basis for implementing the process of social reacceptance of criminals requires taking policy in two aspects of penal and post penal scopes. In penal scopes, it is necessary to recognize and analyze crime creator factors based on analysis of perpetrated crime by criminal and afterward some solutions should be taken for elimination or control of these factors. In post penal scope, it is necessary to remove public hindrances for social rehabilitation of criminals (cultural, social and occupational hindrances) from the way of their reacceptance and also according to right of provisional freedom for all prisoners and effective individual supervision and control on them during that period in order to preventing their tendency toward repeating perpetration of crime.

One of the important conditions in enjoying the right of fair trial is hearing claims, rendering judgment and it`s executing immediately. It’s important because if criminal proceeding prolonged unreasonably, irrationally and illegally without any justifiable reason, it will ruin on the basis of fair trial certainly, and perverts it from its main goal that guarantees parties rights on one side and community rights on the other side. Therefore, unreasonable delay in criminal process in prosecution and trial stages deprives victim from achieving his lost rights and apposes with defensive rights of community. In addition to it can interfere in job, family, social and even emotional security of the accused.This paper's attempt to clarify the concept of reasonable time at first, then from the viewpoint of international and national documents discuss the importance of promptitude in criminal process and its relation with crime and recidivism prevention and also preventing from re-victimization.

Crime has physiological and social costs in addition to its economic costs. Crime prevention is undoubtful necessity which reduces cost of crime that criminal justice system spends in order to prosecution and punishment of offenders. Most of interactions occurred in public space and improper design of these spaces provide opportunities for committing crime. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) claims that crime opportunities could be reduced through manipulation and proper design of environment. Application of these strategies will be resulted in crime prevention, creating positive and safe space, improvement of quality of life and ultimately reducing cost of crime. Design of public space must improve surveillance opportunities, reducing entrapment spaces and increasing participation of individuals in space.

This article was derived from dissertation with the same name and its hypothesis was formulated according to theory and practical knowledge and close relationship with police stations. The hypotheses of this article are:1- Tehran police stations had active role in predicting and preventing corporate crisis in their controlling zone.2- Tehran police stations had active role in preventing corporate crisis in their controlling zone.3- The quality and quantity of Tehran police stations’ action toward corporative crisis depends on factors like: condition of crisis, amount of police function and discipline in crisis time and higher official orders.The method of research in this article is descriptive one and 91 questionnaires were filled by directors of prevention and information section of police stations.According to this research, Tehran police stations were successful in predicting, preventing, restoring and controlling corporate crisis. Factors which affected on quality and quantity of their efforts were higher official orders; police discipline, power and function condition of crisis.

Nowadays, our community needs to more attention by police and people need to rely on it. One of the most important ways to achieve this goal is close relation among police and victims including specially women. Constructive interaction and relation among them should be recognized. To focus on police role in society and to study their supporting role other than depressive one in order to fill the big gap among police and community, this article discusses about three aspects of police duties named: controlling crisis, deterrence and prevention.

Honor killings among the murders that are occurring in traditional societies moving towards perpetrators and their roots are in the wrong beliefs. Despite much prohibition to such actions under our code and Sharia, we saw the occurrence of these events in our country. An important question that is raised is that why these types of crime committed? Perhaps the main cause of false traditions and its perpetrators is wrong beliefs, which requires separate lectures. However, in the criminological perspective police is an important factor in prevention of such killings. This force has duties and options in crime prevention and encounter. Therefore, this study investigates the role of police in preventing honor killings and presented solutions to improve their performance.

This article first compares different new emerged theories in U.S.A about controlling offences and present three theories and tactics performed by head polices in L- A, Mina police and Huston. These three theories for preventing crimes have different attitude. The first one focus on depressive attitude to offenders while the second one focus on community oriented police and third one on finding crimes roots to solve social problems.This article evaluates these theories and provides definitions of situational and social preventions and their elements and then by presenting some examples, provides a comprehensive approach to crime prevention.