فصلنامه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست
شماره 49 (1389)

Black rat (Rattus rattus) is the only rodent present in the mangrove forests of Harra biosphere reserve in Hormozgan province. Identifying signs of this nocturnal species is the preliminary study for other ecological researches in this fragile ecosystem. Signs of this species were studied with 18 random transects in three growth formations (deltaic، island and coastal formations) of grey mangrove (Avicennia marina). Signs of black rat in mangrove forests are nests، food stations، shelters، feces، tracks and food remains. Nests are the most significant and useful sign which consists of branches and leaves of mangrove tree. Nest is the most suitable sign for black rat studies and can be used forecological investigations such as habitat selection. Food stations are nearly flat places that food is transferred there for eating and usually are located on the nests. Shelters are found in the trunk of mangrove trees and only observed in island formations. Because of the tide، feces and tracks are not reliable signs and can be observed accidentally. By investigating food stations it was determined that black rats in mangrove forests are omnivore species which feed on all species of crabs، shells،fishes، insects، seeds of mangrove trees and birds (eggs، nestlings and adults).

In this research، it had been tried to study the car alarm as one of the most importantnoise pollution sources in almost all urban areas. The major aims of this research aredetermining the real function of car alarms as theft preventing devices and noisepollution imposed on the nearby residents including students and their families. In orderto achieve those mentioned aims، a survey questionnaire has been designed including9 questions and distributed in 7 regions of Tehran، Karaj and Islamshahr schools، 667of which were collected. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzedusing SPSS. According to the answers، 90% of the subjects have never took action andcalled police in a case of possible burglary while 66% percent of people have heard caralarms more than 3 times a day as two-third of them don''t believe in the rubberyprevention act of car alarms. 76% of subjects complained of the car alarm noiseinterference with their ability to sleep and 84% with their working and studyingcapabilities. They have also indicated their annoyance from this kind of noise as muchas 6. 2 which is above moderate level. In 13% of cases the worst and most botheringnoise the people have ever experienced، is car alarm siren and 52% is in some wayrelated to traffic noise. As it is mentioned car alarm siren is a considerableenvironmental problem in many urban areas which should be investigated more infuture from different points of view including the real function of car alarms in theftprevention، the real measured noise they create، existing and introducible alternatives،methods of car alarms noise reduction and the car owners responsibility increase.

The study was carried out to evaluate the use of green algae as biomonitor in Hormuzgan province. The status of heavy metals selected (Cd، Ni، Pb and Cu) was determined in sediment and dominant seaweed species (Entromorpha). Sampling of seaweed and sediment were conducted from April 2008 to August 2008. Seaweed and sediment samples were collected from intertidal regions at five sites along the Bandar Bushehr coasts. Algae sample was washed at the field. Samples powdered ofsediment and seaweed digested and analyzed according to ROPME method by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A. A. S، Unicam Model، 919). However، mean metal concentrations of Cu، Pb، Cd، and Ni showed 3. 46، 4. 35، 2. 68 and 0. 68 μg. g-1 dry weight، respectively. Metals concentration in algae was decreased as follow: Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd. During this study، metals level in sediments were decreased as follow: Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd and mean metal concentrations in sediment showed 23. 37، 22. 89، 20. 2 and 0. 64 μg. g-1 dry weight to Cu، Pb، Ni and Cd، respectively. However، maximum metal concentration was belonged to copper.

Kiasar National Park is a mountainus region of about 9027 ha. located in south –east of Sari, provintial capital of Mazandaran province, at position of 36 ° 8′ - 13′ N and 53 ° 28′-43′ E. In this research vascular plant biodiversity had been studied during different seasons of 2004-2005. 450 specimens had been collected during field work. Herbarium specimens had been determined by floristic referances such as Flora Iranica, Turkey, Iran, Russia. As a result 258 species belonging to 211 genus and 65 families had been determined that belongs to 5 divission (Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta and Magnoliophyta). As whole 18 species are endemic, Astragalus vereskensis is vulnerable, 23 species are lower risk and others are aboundance. Based on life form, 45% of species are hemicryptophyte, 22% geophyte, 18% phanerophyte, 12.5% throphyte and 2.5% chamaephyte. 37% of species are Euro- Siberian, 30% pluri regional (Euro-Siberian/ Iranoturania/ Mditerranean), 26% Iran – Turanian, 3% Mditerranean and 4% Cosmopolitan elements. In comparission with Golestan National Park and Dodangeh wild life refuge the plant biodiversity of Kiasar is lower

Khoramshahr soap production factory, is the most modern and largest soap and glycerin production factory in Iran, with net daily production of 100 tons of soap chips and 14 tons of glycerin; discharges its effluents via a canal, directly into the river of Karoon. Considering the existing field instruments in hand; samplings were performed from 3 stations: respectively at 50m. upper- stream and 50m. and 500m down-stream; from factory discharge locations, in 10 monthly intervals from: Sept.-Oct. 2007 until Jun.-July 2008; using Van-dorn sampling bottles. Making comparison between the measured results from physico-chemical factors of the mentioned river water; showed that the COD, BOD and the Chloride discharge rates; were much higher than the existing standards in Iranian Dept of The Environment for Max. allowed rates for water and discharged effluents, which their averages were: 1310ppm, 196.8ppm and 4042.9ppm; respectively. Classification of studied stations according to Water Quality Index (WQI) also showed that: First, Second and the Third stations of factory effluent discharges, with Average Yearly Quality Index at: 54.63, 40.29, 45.71 and 24.32; were respectively graded as: Medium, Bad and Very Bad. Statistical considerations on sampling results from studied stations showed that, factory effluent discharges among stations during sampling months at: 95% for COD, BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates and Bicarbonates; are at Meaningful Difference Efficiency Levels, indicating that: factory effluents discharge according to River Debi, water volume and Discharge Effluent Levels; have made differences on the Quality of River Water. Considering Differences of Trends in the way; increasing many factors in the Second Station and decreasing considerable factors at the Third. Which in the result shows; the ability of River Karoon Potentials, in its Self-cleaning Powers.

Plankton passively and under effect of external agents is floating or moves slow by water currents. The most common zooplanktons which were found are Atropoda (small Crustacea and Insects),spawn, larva shapes of aquatic animal such as Mollusca, Fish and Protozoa. Invertebrate larva and Copepoda are most common in fresh waters. The main target of this investigation is the consideration of planktons of Koot stream(freshwater plankton). Koot stream is located near Hamidiyeh in a distance of 25 km. from Ahvaz with 53 meter altitude of open sea level and in N 31° 29' and E 48° 26'. Finding the types of phytoplankton and zooplanktons species, comparison and resulting was considered. After sampling with plankton net and fixing them, they examined in the laboratory by microscope and sterioscope. Found species were some kinds of phyto and zoo planktons which recognized by using different books and guides.Amounts of zooplanktons were more than phytoplankton. Zooplanktons which found were: Gambozia fish larva, Shrimp larva, aquatic insect larva and from Epherneroptera order: Procloeon pseudorufulum, Centroptilum luteolum, Leptophlebia vespertina and from Coleoptera order Haliptus fulvus and Hydroponussp and other insect such as Paraleptophlebia submarginaia. The most Phytoplanktons were: Ulothrix, Botryoccus, Pleurosigma, Clostoriopsis longissma Chlorococcum humicda, Synedra, Coelastrum microporum.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur in the environment as complex mixtures resulting from natural and anthropogenic pyrolysis of organic matter during forest fires, fossil fuel utilization, and chemical manufacture. Several PAH have been classified as probable or possible human carcinogens. In general, it is considered that the most important ways of exposure to the PAH are from food and inhalation. Due to their ubiquity, the identification and quantification are of great importance, and therefore it is necessary to have at one’s disposal sufficiently sensitive methods. According to effects of these compounds on human this study for the first time is necessary in Iran. in this study sixteen Aromatic compound (respectively: Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Chrysene, Benz(a)anthracene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Indeno (1,2,3cd) pyrene, Dibenzo (a) anthracene and Benzo (g,h,i) perylene) determined and compaired. Water samples from 3 international wetlands (Alagol, Almago and Agigol), were taken monthly during one season (summer) from province Golestan in order to investigate PAHs pollutions in surface of water. In this survey after transferring samples to laboratory and processing, they were analyzed by GC-1000 (Dany model). Determination and revelation were done with flame ionization detector (FID) detector that is suitable for organic compounds with aromatic rings. Extraction method in this survey was solid-phase extraction (SPE). The results of this study indicated that the mean concentration of PAHs compounds during the summer in these wetlands were 0/112 μg/L which was the highest amount detected in Alagol and Almagol wetlands in July because of increasing consumption of fossil fuels in this area. Also Naphthalene and Benzo (b) fluoranthene compounds have maximum levels in Alagol and Agigol wetlands respectively. On the other hand, during summer the mean values of PAHs in comparison with the US EPA permissible levels for fresh waters were significantly less than the standards during this time zone.