مجله دراسات فی العلوم الانسانیه
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (صیف 1435)

The Mandaee Saebeen, with a deep historical background, was among the known groups in Islamic culture and civilization. The Quran has placed them among the People of the Book. The historical events related to the Saebeen's religious and social life in the Palestinian territories that are mentioned in the oral tradition and Holy Scriptures of Mandaee Saebeen shows that the Palestinian territory was their early origin. Their migration toward Mesopotamia had been under the influence of external factors – foreign invasion– as well as internal factors – the conflict with the Jews. The religious tolerance of Achaemenid and Parthian governments was effective in the continuity of religious life of Saebeen in Mesopotamia as a part of Achaemenid to Sassanid Empire and ameliorated their immigration to the south-west parts of Iran, Khuzestan. Saebeen, from their first entry to the geographical domain of Iran in Khuzestan up to now (2010 AD), have experienced religious and social ups and downs with hardships and openings. However, in recent years, with the declaration of Ayatollah Khamenei that they are among the People of the Book, there opened a new chapter of Saebeen's historical presence in Iran and provided an easy course to their religious and social life. This study, with a purely historical approach, and with a consideration of historical sources, tries to give a clear picture of Saebeen and differentiate them from star-worshippers.

Safavid-Ottoman conflict during 16th and 17th centuries was one of the characteristics of the medieval history. One of the reasons of those conflicts was their attempt to dominate over the Kurdish dynasties specially Ardalan that governed over a vast and strategic region and possessed a strong military power. The current study tries to show the importance of this dynasty and its role in the conflict between the two big empires at different time span. Also, the policies of these two empires with regard to the Kurdish dynasty specially the Safavids that finally succeeded in dominating over the Ardalans. The paper also intends to show the effects of the conflict on the dynasty that consequently lost a greater part in the west and its submission to the Safavids and the loss of its independence. The main factors that led to its submission were brutal Ottoman policies and its covetousness to gain Shahr-e-Zoor, as well as more moderate policies of Safavids and the appearance of a powerful centralized government in Iran.

Iranian and Palestinian nations, during their contemporary history, have witnessed the hostile aggressions from two regimes of Zionism and Baathism. Aggression upon Iran led to an “imposed war” which lasted almost eight years, whereas aggression upon Palestine led to the beginning of the Israeli occupation that continue even today. These two wars led to plenty of bitter incidents and human catastrophe hence; this article tries to survey the resistant poems in Persian and Palestinian literatures. Relying on the poems of Qaisar Aminpour and Izzidden al-Manasrah as well as taking into account descriptive-analytical method, the paper tries to make a comparison between poetries of the two countries. The acquired results, too, highlight a close proximity between the levels of text. The common topics seen in the poems of Aminpour and al- Manasrah are the outcome of their common belief with regard to aggressions by respective enemies and their impacts such as killings, assassinations etc. The question that is propounded here and attempted to respond is: what is the most important common topic that can be taken into account while comparing these two prominent poets?

The third and fourth decades of 20th century seems to be the beginning of short story writing in Iran and Syria, the period when pioneers of modern thoughts considered this type of literature effective for creating literary transformation in societies. As such, it is remarkable to study the role of story writers of these two countries who by using new western techniques as well as creating social stories could compete with their western peers. The current paper, using Contemporary American Academy that is based on the unity of human thought, tries to study similarities and dissimilarities in pioneers of fiction writings in Iran and Syria in the early decades of their emergence rather taking into account historical relationship or social infrastructure (unlike comparative French and Marxist writings). Initiators of this movement in these two countries, two peaks of fiction writing and then two representatives of women fiction writing are some of the aspects being dealt in the current article. A review of history of fiction writing in these countries shows that short fiction of Iran, with respect to time as well as motive, had faster tune than Syria and by the same reason, it speedily could witness prominent writers in this literary domain. In the meantime, women voices in Syria becomes more and lauder then.

Abu Hayyan al- Tawhidi is often known as a writer and philosopher whobeautifully and attentively narrated the 4th century viewpoints, approaches and philosophical chains – both Arabs and non-Arabs. His most prominent work such as Al-Imta val Mavaniseh va -Maqabesat tells his philosophical power and literary innovations. From, Al-Tawhidi, another face is sketched that indicates his inclination and outlook towards Sufism. The most important book highlighting his Sufi image is Al-Isharat al-Ilahiyeh that is a collection of long prose with mystic topics. In relation to this book, he has faced some criticism but majority of people believe that the work is outcome of his own mind and pen. Those who consider Tawhidi of being inclined towards Sufism have tried to introduce his life into two stages of rationalism and mysticism. However, it seems, in his philosophical works, al-Tawhidi doesn’t have furious outlook towards mysticism and even in his mystic work he does not fight with intellect and rationality. With the aim to describe relationship of this book with Tawhidi, the current research has tried to study mystic topics and approaches and indicated that same rational and humane Abu Hayyan, with preserving his identity, in the book al-Isharat, crystallized as idealist.

The current paper tries to find out effective components in historical and political behaviors and beliefs of Ardebil sheikhs before the emergence of Safavid as well as the extent of influence from other contemporary historical movements. In the middle of the 7th century, we are witness to the growth and reproduction in Safavid faith arising from political vacuum after the invasion of Mongols on the one hand, and declining caliphate structure on the other hand. Between 7th and 10th centuries AH, the tripartite operation from casual relationship with Aghkoyunlulars, crusade component in the political bed, and frequency of rhetoric in religious domain, made the faith of Ardabil Sheikhs successful. Mongol invasion helped increase Sufi tendency as a mental base (fulcrum) of public and made the Safavid government in 10th century possible. At the same time, turning the faith in gaining political power effectively with internal transformation in Safavid creed tends to crusade and keeping with the precedents of other Sufi movements of 8th and 9th centuries. Although the marriage of Safi al- Din Ardebili with the daughter of Sheikh Ibrahim Zahed Gilani, was the beginning of recourses to Sufism and from components of legitimacy with Iranian-Shiite basis and problems arising out of Mongols as well as peoples’ need made an inclination towards miracle, but the assumption of some researchers in equalizing Iranian thought with Shia culture in order to select a leader or introduce it as an outcome of Safavid politics lack any religious base. Thus, theories of Tomas Burn, Rojer Sivry and Valter Heints regarding similarity and matching the Shiite believe with other cults are reviewable. In fact, taking into account the library approach, the current study tries to find the answer of the question as: "How was the religious thought of Ardebil creed prior to the formation of the Safavid government? And which factors affected the approach of Safavid Sheikhs the most?” Although, the Mongol invasion and strengthening of Sufism caused Sufi and Ghalian faith with internal transformation but the point is that, Safavids were the most prominent factor of Sufi movements at that time that were successful in forming an inclusive government.

The current research involves a narration reported by Al-Zuhri quoting the authority of Urwah ibn al-Zubayr on the authority of Marwan ibn al-Hakam and Al-Musawwar bin Makhramah about the Hudaibiyah Pact that has been cited by Al-Bukhari in his magnum opus Al-Sahih and Ibn Ishaq in his historical work Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah. This tradition includes the events from the beginning of the journey of Prophet Mohammad to Mecca and his return to Medina after concluding the pact of Hudaibiyah. This narrative has been studied with two angles: First, as for the chain of authority, the researcher proves the first reporter to be unqualified to be trusted and reliable in transmitting the narration. Besides, the narration is classified as interruptedly transmitted report (i.e. mursalah). The researcher then critically analyzes the attempt of Ibn Hajar and others to prove the authenticity of this narration. In this process, the personalities of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Al-Musawwar ibn Makhramah, Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, and al-Zuhri were studied as well. Second, as for the text and content, the researcher finds this narration of exclusively containing some strange matters that are incongruous to conducts and personality of the Prophet as revealed by the holy Qur’an. Besides, these strange matters have not been mentioned by other references or narrations. Here, another point of doubt is that the narration lacks the most important event that followed the pact of al-Hudaybiyah i.e. Bay’at al- Ridwan (the allegiance of pleasure).

The novel Al-Bab al-Maftooh by Latifah al-Zeyat is considered to be one of the best among dozens of Arabic novels for the issue it tries to highlight. One such issue is about the debatable relationship between the freedom of a girl on the one hand and the freedom of the society she lives in, where the author reaches to the conclusion that the girl does not find her freedom unless she accomplishes universality that is more important and bigger aspect and what the novel deals about is the struggle for her emancipation and liberation of country from colonialism. Leila -the main character of the novel- is an Egyptian college girl who is calling for liberation from tradition and crumbling social customs. She is a model for Egyptian girls living in a male-dominated society where women are being looked inferior and always face suppression of dreams and ambitions, and yet Leila, with her strong will in defending her rights, is a role model. At the end of the novel, Leila succeeds in achieving her personal feat and chose the one she fell in love. With her success at social level, she participates in the accomplishment of the biggest achievement i.e. to liberate the nation from the colonial rule. With descriptive -analytical approach, the current research takes into account the social criticism and the girl’s image in the feminine work of Al- Bab al- Maftooh by Latifa al-Zeryat. The study aims to highlight the role of women in the historical incidents and their active participation side by side with men for better future.