نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

One of the literary areas which has a special place in the fields of literary criticism is the storied literature that among its branches novel is in the writers’ and critics’ focus of attention. Novel is one of the new literary works which strengthened its place in the Arabic literature in the earlier 20th century. This kind of literary work which has a high power in stating the problems of the contemporary human who tackles with the difficulties of his own special world has a very high rank. In the Arabic literature “Najib Mahfouz” is one the contemporary storywriters who has written precious pieces in the fields of novel in addition to short stories. Since researchers study the elements of the story in most of the current critical researches which are done on the written works especially on novel, story and drama; in this article it is tried to criticize and examine the technique of “description” as the most important technique which has a special role in determining these elements and consequently in the writes’ ability in the novel of “al Las va alkelab” written by “Najib Mahfouz”. To this end, firstly a little has been mentioned regarding the Najib Mahfouz’s life and some of his literary works and after describing the technique of description and mentioning the types and implements of this technique, a criticism and analysis of this novel based on the mentioned criteria is provided in order to criticize the ability of Najib Mahfouz in the technique of description.

Greimas has tried to present a coherent model for investigation of narration. Based on what is understood from his view and the new semantics, investigation of literary text is not based on mechanical analysis and the detection of sender, receiver. But recognition of production process to transmission and reception of text which is includes action, state and occurrence is important.This paper studies conditions of production and understanding the meaning in thediscursive system of “WaMāTashā’un”. Discourse systems are based on the action that make cognitive discourse systems or state that make emotional discourse systems. “WaMāTashā’un” can be studied from the perspective of active discursive systems (and state) because of its narrative logic. Dominant discourse is cognitive and ethics. Of course, we deal with occurrence discourse.The aim of this research is semantic Structureof “WaMāTashā’un” based on theGreimas’s model. It presents how the action and state could form its discourse and create all kinds of discourse systems.

Valuable old texts, especially religious texts, has always been a source for research and study authors. And in the Quran, the largest in terms of concepts and in other texts has intertextuality. Mohammed Afifi Matar so many examples of Quranic verses in poetry to be seen.A poet Without changing the meaning of the Quran and distor, the poem mentioned in the text, Or transform the meaning and structure of the verse, in a manner contrary to the concept of opposites and the verse, it is incorporated in its lyrics,That this type of intertextuality, is considered unacceptable and indecent.Therefore, In his poem, samples positive side, there are also some negative Where the Koranic term sometimes employed And, referring to the personalities and events of the Quran, try to look different so that his literary works And traits that give eternal, And in this space, has deviated from the right path.

Rashed Hossein (1936-1977M) is considered as one of ironical poets in third generation of the Palestine defiance literature. He has other titles such as: “The founder of humorous and irony poet in defiance literature” and “the poet of bitter ironies”. The findings of the current study reveal that Rashed ironies from topical and content point of view are related to political and social ironies. In reality, the poet has considered them as an aperture to announce his own personal, political and social disturbances. He focused on two ironical factors while stating ironical points; explicit irony which the poet blame the social and political groups of Arabs bravely, and in the other one the poet ridicule the existed challenges and events in defiance front (jibhe) implicitly. Moreover, Rashed has selected various ways for stating ridicules and irony matters which among these way we can mention: false drawing and changed faces of Arab leaders, irony in the form of advice, using question and response method, correspondence, imaging techniques, and new arrays, Jihad values, etc. the present study aims at investigating and analyzing contents and ironic methods in poems an related to defiance.

Discourse is form of using language that its parts in some way are connected to each other and follow specific purpose Discourse analysis depends to social and linguistic approach By social approach Discourse describe position texture and in linguistic approach, discourse explain text texture.”sahar khalifa” is one of the best technical writer on defense novel of Arabic literature. She uses literary discourse, to express disasters and difficulties of Palestine's people. Position textures of novel refer to eighty decade. True affection thinking and defense thought are of internal texture of novel. Artistic picture repetition and stage management are of novel external texture. Language is an important factor in her critical discourse. In her novel, she inculcates to everyone a kind of feminism and naturalism view point. This article based on descriptive- analytic method engages to investigate the critical discourse. analysis of sahar khalifa novel,” alsabar”.

Structuralism analysis of literary texts is one of the most popular ways to analyze text from a Twentieth Century to. This time, the founder of this Theory is “Barthes”, he offered a model that based on five codes.This study that written by analytical and descriptive method is select the “Tofigh Hakims” short story by name: “Satan wins” and tries to analyze it by structuralism view, the major findings of this study shows that the story has a nice example for structural analysis and it is very nice to analyzed by “Actor Model” that suggested by “Gremas” to explains the role of characters.

novely Literature for his special atractivenes in other Literatury refrence is the squre Fordifferent opinion S. one of this opinions is women and quality of Seems. For Example if we see to George zeyan's historical novels understand that the womens are very much and he give a many share to womens in this novels and we don’t see monopolistics idea than womens. Then we need in this research to watch womens characterization in this novels.