Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Volume:12 Issue: 2, 2013

Circadian rhythms are driven by endogenous clock genes, they persist in the absence of environmental cues. The central clock is viewed as the pacemaker of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythm exists in several gastric parameters causing ulcerogenesis. The study was aimed to evaluate the time dependent antiulcer activity of hydroxyzine in cold stress induced model. The ulcer protection effect of hydroxyzine was studied at various time intervals (9am, 13pm, 17pm, 21pm, 1am and 5am) in cold stress ulcer model using Wistar albino rats. Hydroxyzine decreases the gastric juice secretion significantly (p<0.001) at 13pm within 24hr time. The pH of gastric juice was not reduced significantly in hydroxyzine group at within 24 hr time. Comparison of hydroxyzine and control group showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in gastric acidity at 21pm. The free acidity was reduced significantly (p<0.001) at 5am within 24 hr time. No significant change was observed in free acidity in control and hydroxyzine treated animals. The total acidity was significantly (p<0.001) reduced in hydroxyzine group at 5am within 24hr time. Comparison between hydroxyzine and control group at 1am showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in total acidity in hydroxyzine treated animals. Ulcer index was found to be significantly low (p<0.001) in hydroxyzine treated animals at 5 am within 24 time. The ulcer index of hydroxyzine treated animals was significantly (p<0.001) reduced at 9am as compared with control group of 9am. Significant decrease (p<0.01), (p<0.01) and (p<0.01) in ulcer index was observed in hydroxyzine treated animals at 13 pm 21pm and 5am when compared with control at same timing. The Na+ concentration was reduced very significantly (p<0.001) at 5am within 24hr time. K+ concentration was significantly (p<0.001) increased at 9am in hydroxyzine treated animals within 24hr time. Lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in hydroxyzine treated animals at 5 am within 24hr time. Significant reduction (p<0.001) and (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation was observed in hydroxyzine animals at 21pm and 1 am when compared with control group at 21pm., and 1am. Mucin content was significantly (p<0.001) increased in hydroxyzine treated animals at 1 am within 24hr time. The mucin content was significantly (p<0.001) raised in hydroxyzine group at 5am when compared to control at 5am. The study reveals the role of biological clock on antiulcer activity of hydroxyzine.

Herbal medicines are playing a vital role in the remedy of numerous diseases. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of seeds (MNLS) and peel (MNLP) of Nephelium longan revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids. For antidairrheal screening we have followed Castor oil induced method where as to check anti-inflammatory property we used Carragenan iduced rat paw edema in Long-Evan rats in to two different doses (250 and 500 mg/Kg) against Indomethacin as reference. Both extracts significantly (P<0.05) reduced the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan in dose depending manner. Again MNLP and MNLS also exhibited antidiarrheal action in dose depending manner and all the results were found to be significant (P<0.05) in comparison to Loperamide. The outcomes indicate the potent antiinflammatory and antidiarrhoeal effects of N.longan extracts on living models which are comparable with those of standard drugs such as Indomethacin, Loperamide respectively and support their conventional uses as medicine.

Recent investigations have shown that plants have antioxidant properties and could be decreased oxidative stress in different human diseases. The present work was identified the chemical composition compounds and evaluated the various antoxidative activities of Ferula-assa-foetida leaves hydroalcoholic extract (FLHE) and Ferula-assa-foetida leaves essential oil (FLEO). This experimental study, which carried out in 1390 in Lorestan Medical respectively. Leaves essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula-assa-foetida were prepared and then radical scavenging activity of samples was assessed by using Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Total antioxidant capacity samples was assessed by methods phosphomolybdat. The amount of total phenol and flavonoid samples was assessed by methods Folin-Ciocalteu and Zhishen Also the components of FLEO were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was demonstrated that total antioxidant capacity FLHE and FLEO are (1.55±0.13, 1.09±0.43 (nmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g- FLHE or FLEO)), phenol content (441.37±2.50, 76.56±9.65 (mg of Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g - FLHE or FLEO)), and flavonoid content (12.53±3.20, 0.015±0.002 (mg of of quercetin equivalents/100g - FLHE or FLEO)). In the DPPH scavenging assay, the IC50 (the concentration required to scavenge 50% of radical) values of FLHE, FLEO and Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as reference were (787.13±3.66; 2375.66± 5.13, 3.88±1? g/ml), respectively. Also GC/MS data and retention indices for reference essential oil leaves samples were used to identify 12 constituents. These compounds make up a total of 85.57 percent essential oil. Eremophilene; -cadinene; Longiborneol; Dehydro aromadendrene; Isoledene; -Gurjunene; J-Guaiene are the most of compounds of FLEO. This study showed that ferula-assa-foetida has good antioxidant properties and ferula-assa-foetida is a source easily accessible of natural antioxidants such as Eremophilene and -cadinene and it may be suitable for use in food and pharmaceutical applications.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of hypolipidemic dose of niacin on bone changes in glucocorticoid (GC)-induced dyslipidemic rats. Twenty eight growing rats divided into four groups and treated as control, Methyl prednisolone (MP) group (3.5 mg/kg five days a week, SC); MPN group (MP+niacin 200 mg/kg/day orally) and MPA group (MP+alendronate 0.03 mg/kg/day, SC). After 4 weeks, serum lipid profile and histomorphometric parameters including trabecular width (Tb.Wi), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and number (Tb.N), bone area/tissue area (B.Ar/T.Ar) and osteoid thickness (O.Th) in metaphyseal side of growth plate of femoral head were determined. Obvious dyslipidemia and decreased B.Ar/T.Ar and O.Th were observed in MP group. Niacin alleviated dyslipidemia, however MPN rats had appreciably lower Tb.N and higher Tb.Sp as compared to MP group. Alendronate had a moderate positive effect on bone changes. In conclusion, although niacin effectively ameliorates GC-induced dyslipidemia in growing rats, may exacerbate bone changes.

Many patients with epilepsy suffer also from coexisting psychological problems. These mental comorbidities have a significant impact on quality of life of patients with epilepsy. Recent studies have shown that although antiepileptic drugs treat epilepsy, they may increase risk of mental disorders in these patients. Due to the lack of adequate research in this area, in the present study we assessed psychiatric disorders in patients with idiopathic tonic-clonic seizure who were treated with antiepileptic drugs. This descriptive-cross-sectional research was conducted on 170 patients with tonic-clonic seizure using the SCL-90-R questionnaire and the results were analyzed by SPSS-17 statistical software, descriptive statistics, T test and chi-square test. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients was 38.8%. All antiepileptic drugs were associated with different kind of mental disorders but there wasn’t any relationship between mental disorders and any type of antiepileptic drug except psychosis that was significantly lower in sodium valproate consumers (p?0.001). This study suggests that a subgroup of epileptic patients is generally prone to develop mental disorders during antiepileptic therapy, despite different pharmacological properties of the AEDs. Negative psychotropic effects of AEDs should be considered in treatment of patients with epilepsy.

Cognitive impairment in epileptics may be a consequence of the epileptogenic process as well as antiepileptic medication. Thus, there is need for drugs, which can suppress epileptogenesis as well as prevent cognitive impairment. In the present study, the effect of Khamira Marwarid (KAH1), a formulation based on Indian system of Unani medicine was evaluated on the course of pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, learning deficit and oxidative stress markers in mice. Male albino mice were injected PTZ (65 mg/kg sc) on the 5th day of the treatment for the development of seizures. Spontaneous Alternation Behaviour was carried out on the 1st and the 5th day of the treatment after PTZ administration, while the oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and glutathione) were carried out in the whole brain upon the completion of the behavioural assessment. The administration of Khamira Marwarid (KAH1), 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the PTZ induced seizures and showed improvement in the learning deficit induced by PTZ as evidenced by the increased latency time and frequency of jerks and improvement in SAB. The findings suggest the potential of Khamira Marwarid (KAH1) as adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an added advantage of preventing cognitive impairment

Aluminium Phosphide (ALP) is used to killing of rodents in grain storage. It products phosphine gas which is a mitochondrial poison. The exact mechanism of action is unclear, but phosphine is thought to produce toxicity by blocking cytochrome-c oxidase, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and result in cell death. This poisoning has a high mortality, and survival is unlikely if more than 1.5 g is ingested. Shock is the commonest and most important clinical feature and cause of death in phosphine poisoning. Aluminium Phosphide (ALP) poisoning if not treated causes death within 24 hours, presumably due to cardiogenic shock. The high mortality is due to the rapid onset of shock, metabolic acidosis, cardiac arrhythmias and adult respiratory distress syndrome.Case: Here I report a 27–year- old woman with intentional ingestion 2(6g) of ALP tablet and admitted to afzalipour hospital in kerman with symptoms and signs of shock. Because of refractory hypotension to crystalloid and vasopressor, we started glucagon. After 72 hours, there was no symptom and sign of shock, vital signs became stable and drugs were tapered. She was discharged to psychiatry ward 6 days after initial admission with full recovery. Early administration of glucagon to ALP poisoning patients in refractory shock may be helpful but needs to be confirmed by further studies.

The antidiabetic activity of Balanites roxburghii was carried out in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of methanolic extract of kernals (0.1 and 0.3g/kg body weight) significantly lowered the blood glucose levels. The activity can be attributed to reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose. The activity reported was dose-dependent.

Circadian rhythms are driven by endogenous clock gene and affects in several gastric parameters causing ulcerogenesis. The study was aimed to evaluate the time dependent antiulcer activity of hydroxyzine in cold-stress-induced ulcer model. The ulcer protection effect of hydroxyzine was studied at various time intervals (9 am, 1 pm, 5 pm, 91 pm, 1 am and 5 am) in cold stress ulcer model using wistar albino rats. Comparison of hydroxyzine and control group showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in gastric acidity at 9 pm. The free acidity was reduced significantly (p<0.001) at 5 am within 24 h time. No significant change was observed in free acidity in control and hydroxyzine-treated animals. The total acidity was significantly (p<0.001) reduced in hydroxyzine group at 5 am within 24 h time. Comparison between hydroxyzine and control group at 1 am showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in total acidity in hydroxyzine treated animals. Ulcer index was found to be significantly low (p<0.001) in hydroxyzine-treated animals at 5 am within 24 h. The ulcer index of hydroxyzine-treated animals was significantly (p<0.001) reduced at 9 am as compared with control group of 9 am. Lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in hydroxyzine-treated animals at 5 am within 24 h time. Mucin was significantly (p<0.001) increased in hydroxyzine-treated animals at 1 am within 24-h time. The mucin content was significantly (p<0.001) rose in hydroxyzine group at 5 am when compared to control at 5 am. The study reveals the role of biological clock on antiulcer activity of hydroxyzine.

Recent investigations have shown that plants have antioxidant properties and could decrease oxidative stress in different human diseases. The present work was identified the chemical composition compounds and evaluated the various antoxidative activities of Ferula-assa-foetida leaves hydroalcoholic extract (FLHE) and Ferula-assa-foetida leaves essential oil (FLEO). Radical scavenging activity of samples was assessed using Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Total antioxidant capacity was assessed by methods phosphomolybdat. The amount of total phenol and flavonoid was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu and Zhishen methods. Also, the components of FLEO were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In FLHE and FLEO, total antioxidant capacity were 1.55 ± 0.13 and 1.09 ± 0.43 nmol, ascorbic acid equivalents/g, phenol content were 441.37 ± 2.50 and 76.56 ± 9.65 mg of Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, and flavonoid content was 12.53 ± 3.20 and 0.015 ± 0.002 mg of quercetin equivalents/100 g respectively. In the DPPH scavenging assay, the IC50 values of FLHE, FLEO and Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as reference were 787.13 ± 3.66; 2375.66 ± 5.13 and 3.88 ± 1? g/mL respectively. Also GC/MS data and retention indices for reference essential oil leaves samples were used to identify 12 constituents. These compounds made up a total of 85.57% of FLEO: Eremophilene;? -cadinene; Longiborneol; Dehydro aromadendrene; Isoledene;? -Gurjunene; J-Guaiene. This study showed that ferula-assa-foetida has good antioxidant properties. As it is an easily-accessible source of natural antioxidants such as Eremophilene and? -cadinene, it may be suitable for use in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Herbalmedicines are playing a vital role in the remedy of numerous diseases.Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of seeds (MNLS)and peel (MNLP) of Nephelium longan revealed the presence of alkaloids, tanninsand flavonoids. For antidairrheal screening, we have followed Castor-oil-inducedmethod whereas to check anti-inflammatory property, we used carrageenan-iducedrat paw edema inLong-Evan rats. Two doses (250 and 500 mg/Kg) of the extracts and one dose ofindomethacin as reference was used. Both extracts significantly (p< 0.05) reduced the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan in a dose-dependingmanner. MNLP and MNLS also exhibited anti-diarrheal action in dose-dependingmanner and all the results were found to be significant (p < 0.05) incomparison to loperamide. The outcomes indicate the potent anti-inflammatoryand anti-diarrhoeal effects of N longan extracts on living models which arecomparable with those of standard drugs such as indomethacin and loperamiderespectively and support their conventional uses as medicine.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of hypolipidemic dose of niacin on bone changes in glucocorticoid (GC)-induced dyslipidemic rats. Twenty eight growing rats divided into four groups and treated as control, Methyl prednisolone (MP) group (3.5 mg/kg five days a week, SC); MPN group (MP+niacin 200 mg/kg/day orally) and MPA group (MP+alendronate 0.03 mg/kg/day, SC). After 4 weeks, serum lipid profile and histomorphometric parameters including trabecular width (Tb.Wi), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and number (Tb.N), bone area/tissue area (B.Ar/T.Ar) and osteoid thickness (O.Th) in metaphyseal side of growth plate of femoral head were determined. Obvious dyslipidemia and decreased B.Ar/T.Ar and O.Th were observed in MP group. Niacin alleviated dyslipidemia, however MPN rats had appreciably lower Tb.N and higher Tb.Sp as compared to MP group. Alendronate had a moderate positive effect on bone changes. In conclusion, although niacin effectively ameliorates GC-induced dyslipidemia in growing rats, may exacerbate bone changes.

Many patients with epilepsy suffer also from coexisting psychological problems. These mental co-morbidities have a significant impact on quality of life of patients with epilepsy. Recent studies have shown that although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) treat epilepsy, they may increase risk of mental disorders in these patients. Due to the lack of adequate research in this area, we assessed psychiatric disorders in patients with idiopathic tonic-clonic seizure who were treated with antiepileptic drugs. This descriptive-cross-sectional research was conducted on 170 patients with tonic-clonic seizure using the SCL-90-R questionnaire and the results were analyzed by descriptive statistics, T test and chi-square test. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients was 38.8%. All antiepileptic drugs were associated with different kind of mental disorders but there wasn’t any relationship between mental disorders and any type of antiepileptic drug except psychosis that was significantly lower in sodium valproate consumers (p? 0.001). Our findings show that a subgroup of epileptic patients is generally prone to develop mental disorders during antiepileptic therapy, despite different pharmacological properties of the AEDs. Negative psychotropic effects of AEDs should be considered in treatment of patients with epilepsy.

Cognitive impairment in epileptics may be a consequence of the epileptogenic process as well as antiepileptic medication. Thus, there is need for drugs, which can suppress epileptogenesis as well as prevent cognitive impairment. In the present study, the effect of Khamira Marwarid (KAH1), a formulation based on Indian system of Unani medicine was evaluated on the course of pentylenetetrazole induced seizures, learning deficit and oxidative stress markers in mice. Male albino mice were injected PTZ (65 mg/kg sc) on the 5th day of the treatment for the development of seizures. Spontaneous Alternation Behaviour was carried out on the 1st and the 5th day of the treatment after PTZ administration, while the oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and glutathione) were carried out in the whole brain upon the completion of the behavioural assessment. The administration of Khamira Marwarid (KAH1), 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the PTZ induced seizures and showed improvement in the learning deficit induced by PTZ as evidenced by the increased latency time and frequency of jerks and improvement in SAB. The findings suggest the potential of Khamira Marwarid (KAH1) as adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an added advantage of preventing cognitive impairment.

Aluminium phosphide (AlP) is used to kill rodents in grain storage. It produces phosphine gas which is toxic for mitochondria. The exact mechanism of action is unclear, but phosphine is thought to produce toxicity by blocking cytochrome-c oxidase, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and result in cell death. This poisoning has a high mortality, and survival is unlikely if more than 1.5 g is ingested. Shock is the commonest and most important clinical feature and cause of death in phosphine poisoning. AlP poisoning if not treated causes death within 24 hours, presumably due to cardiogenic shock. The high mortality is due to the rapid onset of shock, metabolic acidosis, cardiac arrhythmias and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Here, a case of 27–year-old woman with intentional ingestion 2 AlP tablets (6 g) is reported. She was admitted to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman with symptoms and signs of shock. Because of refractory hypotension to crystalloid and vasopressor, we started glucagon. After 72 hours, there was no symptom and sign of shock, vital signs became stable and drugs were tapered. She was discharged to psychiatry ward 6 days after initial admission with full recovery. In Conclusion, early administration of glucagon to AlP poisoning patients in refractory shock may be helpful but this needs to be confirmed by further studies.