Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Winter 2013

The main objective was to study grazing behavior of goats; diet selection, nutritive value, digestibility of range plant and body gained at flowering and seed setting stage at September and November 2010 respectively in El-khuwei locality (El Rosa). A completely randomized design was used (CRD). Sampling was done by two stage flowering and seed sating stage were selected diets and feed intake locating a 2000 x 2000 m plots. The average weights gains during the flowering and seed setting stage were 17 and 18.28kg respectively. Goats during the flowering stage was preference on bite counts of the different species, however highly (P < 0.0001) at the flowering and least during the seed setting stage. Goat preference ranked Bano (Eragrostis tremula), Huskneet (Cenchrus biflorus), Difra (Echinocloa colonum), leflef (Luffa aegyptiaca), Gaw (Aristida spp.), Fisiya (Fimbristyls hispidula), Himeira (Hymenocardia acida), Nuida (Sida cordofolia), Tmrfar (Oldenlandia senegalensis) and Aboelrakhus (Andropogon gayanus), while Gadgad (Geigeria alata), Buid (Commelinia subulata), Simeima (Sesamum alatum), Abodaib (Ceraotheca sesamoid) and Rabaa (Zalea spp) least than that. A significant higher (P < 0.001) goats selective feed intake, in vitro dry matter digestibility, dry matter, organic matter and crude protein higher at flowering stage and lowers during the seed setting stage. However; ash contents and crude fiber of plants were significantly higher at the seed setting stage. Body weight gain was significantly highest during the flowering stage, while the distance walked by goats for diet search was significantly longest during the seed setting stage. It was concluded that flowering stage beneficially goats highly preference and selectivity different species, feed intake and inviter dry matter digestibility and body weight gained. The seed setting stage was highly ash contents, crude fiber distant walked.

The production of Japanese quail has great importance in the production of foods and their nutritional needs are well established, yet still make feed based on recommendations misleading and can reduce the efficiency of production. The nutritional recommendations are presented in different countries and methodological ways to achieve levels, but an important detail is not often considered, the relationship between the nutrients, especially between metabolizable energy and other nutrients. On this basis, it is clear that there is a gap in this direction and this paper will discuss nutritional recommendations, compare levels and simulate diets practices to make an assessment of how best and most efficiently. Based on these data and discussion in this paper, it is concluded that Japanese quails have similar recommendations, but the metabolizable energy: nutrients ratio is different and not be considerate and this can adversely affect production and efficiency of quails.

Salmonellosis is one of the most important food-borne diseases and remains an important pathogen of poultry. In this study was evaluated the protection of a vaccine containing a streptomycin-resistant strain of Salmonella entericas erovar Enteritidis lacking pefA and spvC genes with respect to cecal colonization, organ invasion and excretion in SPF chicks and the potential use as a vaccine candidate was tested. Streptomycin-mutant strain was obtained by exposure to high concentration of streptomycin. Parent and resistant strain were evaluated phenotypically by measuring biochemical properties, growth rate and antibiotic resistance, and genetically for expression of twenty-three genes. Mutant strain was tested in SPF chickens by testing excretion, and by challenge using a wild-type isolate three weeks after immunization evaluating cecal colonization and organ invasion. Streptomycin-resistant strain showed lack of expression of pefA and spvC when compared to the parent strain. DNA sequencing of a PCR-amplified gyrA fragment detected one point of mutation Ser15→Phe. Biochemical properties did not change. Growth rate differences were observed between parent and mutant strains, showing a generation time was increased five-fold in the mutant strain. Excretion of the vaccine strain was reduced 50% at the second week compared to the positive control group and no excretion of the vaccine strain was detected at the third week. Cecal colonization and organ invasion were significantly reduced in the vaccinated group, 80% and 70%, respectively. The vaccine strain was not detected in cecal and organ samples at the end of the trial. Attenuated strains produced by selecting for resistance to streptomycin have been described in mice. This study showed that streptomycin-resistant strain may be an important factor in the attenuation, suggesting that after exposure to streptomycin the parent isolate lost the expression of pefA and spvC genes and it could be a vaccine candidate to protect chicks against a Salmonella Enteritidis challenge.

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementations of antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic on broiler performance, histomorphologic measurements of small intestine and immune response. A total number of 432, day-old broiler chicks (Ross308) were obtained and randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments for 6 weeks. The dietary treatments were: 1) basal diet; 2,3) basal diet plus (400, 600) g of phosphomycin product/ton of starter and grower feeds, respectively, 4,5) basal diet plus (150,200) g of probiotic product/ton of the starter feed and (100,150) g/ton of the grower feed, respectively, 6,7) basal diet plus (500, 1000) g of a prebiotic product /ton of starter and grower feeds, respectively, 8 and9) basal diet plus (1000,1250) g of synbiotic product /ton of the starter feed and (500,750) g/ton of the grower feed, respectively. Birds supplemented with the synbiotic had a greater (P < 0.01) feed intake and body weight gain compared with those of others treatments. Feed conversion rate was lower in birds supplemented with all additives than in control birds (P < 0.01). The carcass weight was significantly increased in feed additives compared with that of control treatment group (P < 0.05). The villus height was significantly increased in feed additives compared with that of control group (P < 0.01). Synbiotic treated animals showed increase (p<0.05) in antibody titers against NDV compared to those of the control groups at 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The result of the present study revealed that these products had promising effects as alternatives for antibiotics in parallel to demand for elimination of growth-promotant antibiotics.

The present study was carried out to determine the influence of treated barley grain with sodium hydroxide, urea and formaldehyde on degradability of crud protein and dry matter using in situ technique in Gizel sheep. Two fistulated sheep with average BW 45±2.5 kg were used in a complete randomized design. The ruminal dry matter (DM) and crud protein (CP) disappearance was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. The experimental treatments were A: barley grain treated with 3.5% sodium hydroxide and 1.5% urea, B: barley grain treated with 3.5% sodium hydroxide and 0.4% formaldehyde, C: barley grain treated with 3.5% urea and 0.4% formaldehyde. Parameters of crud protein (CP) for soluble fractions were (a) 41.063, 9.58 and 45.9% and fermentable fractions were (b) 51.16, 85.13 and 51.77% for treatments A, B and C, respectively. According to the survey results, it is clear that grain treated with chemical digestion has high feed potential and if further investigation in ruminant diets can be used as an alternative feed.