فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 34، بهار 1392)

This present investigation discusses slimness as an ideal of beauty and charm. It Probes its importance especially among women and girls. Among many other factors potentially relating to the issue of slimness, this investigation focuses on studying value trends of individuals on the body and the appearance. This is a survey-method research based on a sample of 377 girls and women 15-49 years of age residing in the city of Damghan. The theoretical framework of the research includes theories of Giddens, Ingelhart, Gibbins, and Maslow. The results indicate the existence of value trends in terms of material and post material dimensions which signify the importance of slimness. Also, there exists a relationship among three components of material dimension that include: sexual gravity for the opposite sex, status acquisition and social acceptance; and two components on post material dimension that consist of: self- esteem and self-actualization, signifying the importance of slimness.

Self burning is one of the most mortal and tragic method of suicide. This method of suicide is more frequently seen in the eastern countries, including some parts of Iran. Self burning is observed among the Iranian women. One of the important issues in the Iranian self burning women is the quality of life. Therefore the aim of the current research is to evaluate the quality of life among self burning women. For this reason, 55 women (31 in experimental group, and 24 in control group) were selected from the women who referred to scald wards in Tehran and Shiraz hospitals. Patients were asked to fill WHOQOL. The results indicate that the level of quality of life among self burners is significantly lower than those in the control group. Based on the results, it seems that, numerous variables are at play in self burning women's lives, the most important of these variables are social situation, mental and physical health, and the environmental situation. It should be noted that all the above variables can be placed under the rubric the quality of life.

Women entrepreneurs despite their difference with men entrepreneurs in themselves are not a homogenous group and they differ in many characteristics and motivations. This diversity in motivations could lead to a different performance in the businesses activity. Entrepreneurial motivation is strong predictors of business success, but there is no concordance about influence of motivations on entrepreneurial performance. The objective of this study is to identify the influence of women's start-up motivations typology on business growth. This is a survey on a sample of women entrepreneurs in which 62 questionnaires were analyzed. First, the start-up motivations classified in five groups and based on literature review and nature of motivations in each group, they were named as ambitious, achievement seekers, forced, social and family entrepreneurs. Then, the chi-square test was used to identify the influence of five groups of motivations on four indicators of growth. According to the results, all five groups had experienced growth in sales, all except forced entrepreneurs had growth in market share, while only achievement seekers entrepreneurs had growth in employee and only achievement seekers and social entrepreneurs had experienced growth in product/service diversity. These results showed significant differences in start-up motivations among different groups of women entrepreneurs, differences that influence business growth, and which point out the importance of special women entrepreneurship development policy as these are related to their motivations and business growth.

Along with an increase in the consumption of cultural goods, one of the issues that attracts the minds of the theorists and researchers in the field of cultural studies is the discussion of the differences between consumption of cultural goods. Therefore, gender distinctions in consumption of these goods can be considered an important topic. This study investigates the relationships between gender and cultural consumption. It probes the gender differences in terms of consumption of cultural goods and the ways of spending the leisure times. This is done among students of Pyame- Nor and the Islamic Azad universities in the city of Marivan. This is a survey research and its universe consists of all students of Payame- Nor and the Islamic Azad universities of Marivan city. A total of 342 students comprise our sample size that was selected through stratified sampling. The results indicate that consumption of certain types of movies according to sex is different. Men look more for action, crime, historical and documentary films while women are likely to seek drama, romance and family films. Consumption of certain types of books according to sex is also different. Most women read novels, poetry, art, psychology whereas most men read books on philosophy and religion. Accordingly, the consumption of certain types of music is different, as far as sex is concerned. Women more than men consumed music labeled as authorized pop, rap, authorized Persian, Persian rap and Kurdish unauthorized rap. Also, there are significant relationship between sex and ways of spending leisure times. Women more than men, in their leisure time, participate in religious ceremonies and artistic activities, while men more than women, spent their leisure in on non-academic studies, sports, computer games, or going to a park.

It is true that citizens must be able to access public spaces irrespective of their gender and age differences. But social structures, social and physical disorder and personal characteristics of social groups (men and women) make their different perceptions of neighborhood safety, resulting in unequal use of public spaces. This study aimed to analyze above differences in terms of six subgroups according to age and gender variables using questionnaire in Neighborhood Nine of District Twelve, in the city of Tehran. The results show that with the exception of women 60 years of age and older, men use public spaces more than women. Pearson correlation coefficient indicates a significant relationship between use of public spaces and the perception of neighborhood safety. Also, analyzing factors affecting perception of neighborhood safety demonstrates social environment variables have more important role than personal characteristics in residents’ perception of safety by considering gender as a fixed variable. Accordingly, related social cohesion variables in women and related social support variables in men have the most effect on perception of neighborhood safety respectively.

This article studies the effectiveness of psychotherapy with interpersonal approach in repairing needs among women who involved in infidelity. The sample of the research included 16 women. Sampling was purposeful and after the initial interview and completing the questionnaire the persons were randomly selected. These persons had already visited the counseling centers of Tehran. The procedure was semi-experimental with pre-test & post- test groups. Psychotherapy was done in 8 sessions. At the end of sessions, both groups were asked to take the test again. Tools were: 1- questionnaire of evaluation of infidelity Vaughan (2008) that was translated by the researcher. This questionnaire included 35 materials & the reliability was. /71. 2- author-devised inventory of marital relations; containing 42 questions with estimated reliability of. /75. The main hypothesis was: psychotherapy with interpersonal approach was effective in repairing needs in women who involved infidelity. For data analyses, Co-variance Analysis was applied. The results indicated that psychotherapy with interpersonal approach was effective in repairing needs in women who involved in infidelity F = 5/44 p< 0/05.

Previous research suggested that academic burnout is more prevalent in female students than male students, so measurement and investigation of female academic burnout is more important. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties, specifically factor structure, of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) in Female University Students. To this end, 124 female psychology students who were at second semester of their education, were randomly selected, completed the research questionnaires. Principal component analysis (using varimax rotation and removing three items that had not significant factor loadings on their factors) have yielded three factors that accounted for 57.3 percent of scale variance. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that three factor model had better fit with data than one factor model. Moreover, three factor model based on principal component analysis had better fit with data than original three factor model. Internal consistency of the questionnaire and three subscales were acceptable. Item-total correlations were ranged from. 33 to. 75 and significant. Other results showed a significant correlation between academic burnout scores and its subscales with quality of learning experiences and self efficacy indicating good validity of the scale. It could be proposed using of MBI-SS for measuring academic burnout in relevant settings such as educational environments and counseling centers.