فهرست مطالب آلاله بقالیان

Problem statement: 

With Iran’s entry into the threshold of modernization and the establishment of the University of Tehran in the year 1934 (1313 AH) and the gradual formation of the Faculty of Fine Arts until 1940 (1319 AH), art and architecture education took a new approach towards academic methods. Academic experiences for approximately two centuries have shown how architecture is taught has a significant impact on the formation of architects’ personalities and is reflected in their architectural works. One of the most influential academic institutions in this regard is the Bauhaus School in Germany. The Faculty of Fine Arts, as the first academic center for architectural education in Iran, has also demonstrated explicit interactions with many of these schools, including the Bauhaus, in terms of adopting innovative teaching methods. The influence of the predominant approach of the Bauhaus School can be observed in the examination of the works of professors and students. 

The objective of this research is to examine the Bauhaus approach in Germany, identify the patterns of this style, and trace them in the architectural structures of the Pahlavi era, which include the works of professors and students of the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran. 

This study is interpretive-historical, and as a result, the analysis of the findings and the influence of the fine arts are approached through a descriptive-analytical research method. To achieve this, several examples of buildings constructed by professors and students of the Bauhaus School were examined. The main design features have been extracted through the examination of these samples and interviews. Then, by systematically weighing the indicators using a developed formula, the degree of affiliation of each architectural work to this style was determined.

The results of the research indicate that the influence of the fine arts from the Bauhaus approach can be seen during the period of Emmanuel Pontremoli’s management. The commonly used architectural parameters of this style include flat roofs, the use of modern materials and technology, a balance in the composition of volumes and facade elements, and functional beauty. These features are more pronounced compared to other characteristics, such as white facades and pilotis.

With the advent of modernization in Iran and the establishment of the University of Tehran in 1934, and then the gradual formation of the Faculty of Fine Arts in 1940, traditional art and architecture teaching methods changed into new academic methods. In the West, the École des Beaux-Arts pioneered eclectic-traditional architecture in France. In the early twentieth century, the Bauhaus School started working as the School of Art (Modern Art and Architecture Education) in Germany. École des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus schools were highly influential in modernizing the architecture education in contemporary Iranian architecture by pushing it towards the approaches in the Western world. Analyzing the samples, this research seeks to investigate the effects of the research independent variable, i.e. processes affecting arts and architecture used in the Faculty of Fine Arts on the dependent variable, i.e. the works of art presented by Educators and graduates of the Faculty of Fine Arts and figures in the Contemporary Architecture of Iran. Thus, this study examines the language of architecture, ideology, concepts, and methods of École des Beaux-Arts, Bauhaus Architecture Schools, and their effects on the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran. Based on a comparativeanalytical realistic approach, thisstudy was conducted through library studies and surveys using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to examine the keywords of École des Beaux-Arts, Bauhaus Architecture Schools and to identify how the perceptions and effects of École des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus Architecture Schools help form the architecture in the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Tehran. The results show that the architecture in the Faculty of Fine Arts was a combination of the style of École des Beaux-Arts and Bauhaus Architecture Schools.

Increasing problems of the modern world and growth of population have led to a meaningful increase in the speed of constructions to meet the demands of the population. This, in one hand, has caused excessive consumption of fossil fuels, environmental pollution, losing a large amount of natural resources and on the other hand has led to marginalization of the psychological, cultural, social and local needs of the people in the constructions. Thus, sustainable construction programs have been given a high priority in the development policies of industrialized countries. The positive economic outcomes of controlling such issues and minimizing their effects resulted in establishment of sustainable certification programs, such as LEED in the United States and BREEAM in the UK. Considering Iran’s situation in excessive consumption fuels along with high speed of construction, in this paper, initially, two successful world class systems of LEED and BREEAM for issuing sustainability certifications were studied. Then, by considering the identity, culture and other factors affecting the social relations of the people, criteria’s for establishing a sustainable evaluation system for green building certification in Iran is suggested.