a. arbab

Underground structures, as the most important structures of our country, have a direct relationship with the national security and economy power of the country, and their design, implementation and maintenance are very necessary. Conducting the experimental classification of the rock mass is a very useful tool in evaluating the quality of the rock mass and designing the reinforcements, and also, it provides a good view of the behavior of the rock in the face of the tunnel. Classification of rock mass rating (RMR) is one of the most important and efficient methods of rock mass classification, which has been used in the past until today, but it has some shortcomings in the correct estimation of rock mass behavior. In this research, 10 sites of defense projects in different rock mass conditions, including weak and very jointed rocks, and suitable conditions have been examined. The defense projects have been analyzed experimentally, and also, numerically using Phase2 software. The experimental and numerical results of this research show that, in general, the use of rock mass classification can be very useful in evaluating the characteristics of rock mass. Moreover, the use of the RMR in rocks having good conditions correctly evaluate the rock mass and is considered as a suitable design basis. However, in weak rocks, there are flaws in the evaluation, and instead of the rock quality designation (RQD) parameters and discontinuity spacing, the jointing factor can be used. In this manner, the results are better compatible with the real conditions and numerical analysis. Furthermore, the results of the proposed reinforcements have been examined. These results show that the RMR classification works well for semi-stable rocks (RMR>50), but for weak rocks (RMR<50), it is better to analyze the rock mass by modified RMR, which considers jointing factor.

Elm Leaf Beetle (ELB), Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the important pests of elm trees (Ulmus spp.). This experiment was performed in order to evaluate two chemical control methods of this pest on the elm trees in the 22nd district of Tehran in 2014. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block with four replications and 13 treatments. Treatments included injection of imidacloprid SC35% (with doses of 6, 12 and 18 g/ tree), oxydemeton-methyl EC 25% (with doses of 6, 12 g formulated/tree), azadirachtin EC 0.03 % (with doses of 6, 12 g formulated/tree), hexaflumuron EC 10% ( with doses of 6, 12 g formulated/tree), fenoxycarb and lufenuron ( Lufox® EC10.5%; with doses of 6, 12 g formulated/tree), control (water injection) and foliage application with diazinon EC60% with concentration of 2ml formulated/L as a conventional control method. Sampling was conducted 14 times until the end of the summer season. Results show that the mean efficacies of imidacloprid (83%) and Lufox® (91%) at high concentrations were the same as diazinon treatment (84.25%) and all of them were ranked in one group. Mean efficacies of azadirachtin (51%), hexaflumuron (33%), and oxydemeton-methyl (23%) injections were significantly less in comparison with the mentioned treatments. Mean damage percentage on sampled leaves and apparent color of the tree crown showed that the trees treated with Lufox® and imidaclopride had the least damage percentage (25.3%), while the control (55%) and azadirachtin (65%) had the highest percentage. Therefore, injection method of imidacloprid and lufox against elm leaf beetle could be applied in the central parts of the cities or places with high risks of contamination and where the tree crown is very high.

In order to study the effects of super phosphate triple, water deficit stress and Glomus hoi biological fertilizer on some quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander, this experiment was conducted at Iran Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands in 2006. Field experiment was carried out by a split factorial design with 4 replications. The factors which studied were 0, 16 and 32 kg ha-1 P2O5 (super phosphate triple) and two levels irrigation, irrigation after 30 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan (without stress conditions), irrigation after 60 mm water evaporation (drought stress conditions) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza (Glomus hoi). The results showed that drought stress has significant effect on biological yield, flowering shoot yield and essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield, root length, root diameter, essential oil percentage of flowering shoot (α=1%). Highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root diameter were achieved without stress conditions and highest essential oil percent of flowering shoot and root length were achieved under stress conditions. Also phosphorus significant effects on biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield, essential oil percentage of flowering shoot and root length (α=1%) and root diameter were not significantly affected due to phosphorus. Comparison of means showed that highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root length were determined under application of 70 kg ha-1 phosphorus and highest essential oil percentage of flowering shoot were achieved under application of 35 kg ha-1 phosphorus. Mycorrhiza significant effect on biological yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield (α=1%) and root length (α=5%) and root diameter and essential oil percent of flowering shoot were not significant. Highest biological yield, flowering shoot yield and essential oil yield of flowering shoot, root yield and root length were achieved under application of mycorrhiza. The result showed that quantity and quality characteristics of Coriander increased by mycorrhiza and decreased application of phosphorus.