a. rajaei

In this paper, we construct a topology using the concept of Hoop algebras and investigate its topological properties. These include examining specific types of topological spaces, such as Hausdorff, $T_0$-spaces, and $T_1$-spaces, as well as exploring the concept of connectedness. Additionally, we analyse the relationship between closed and compact sets within this topology. Finally, by incorporating the binary operation $\ri$ and the defined topology on Hoop algebras, we introduce the notion of semi-topological algebra and demonstrate that every Hoop algebra is a right semi-topological algebra.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of internal and external MBJ-neutrosophic sets, detailing their definitions, properties, and potential applications. By Initially introducing foundational concepts, including interval numbers and neutrosophic sets, the paper explores the MBJ-neutrosophic framework, which integrates truth, indeterminate, and false membership functions. We categorize MBJ-neutrosophic sets into internal and external types according to specific membership conditions, presenting a series of propositions and theorems that clarify the relationships among different MBJ-neutrosophic set types. Additionally, we examine criteria under which the intersection and union of these sets maintain their internal or external characteristics. The findings significantly enhance the theoretical structure of neutrosophic set theory and highlight its utility in decision-making processes and fuzzy logic systems.

To produce high-quality food and minimize risks from chemical applications, employing economically viable alternative methods without chemical-related drawbacks is vital. Plant essential oils (EOs) have garnered attention as potential insect pest control agents. The current study examines the lethal effects of plant EOs on the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)).

This study examined the fumigant toxicity of eight Iranian pharmaceutical plant EOs: sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), black cumin (Elwendia persica), Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora), costmary (Tanacetum balsamita), galbanum (Ferula gummosa), myrtle (Myrtus communis), lemon (Citrus × limon) and marjoram (Origanum majorana) against eggs, first instar larvae, and adults of P. interpunctella and E. kuehniella. Insects were maintained under controlled conditions at 27 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 5% R.H., and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the compounds present in the tested plant EOs. The lethal concentration (LC) values were estimated using probit analysis based on data obtained from preliminary and main bioassays.

The predominant compounds (in term of %) identified in the EOs were as follows: A. annua: Camphor (41.388), 1,8-Cineole (13.431); E. persica: α-Terpinolen (31.622), Limonene (14.524), Propanal, 2-methyl-3-phenyl- (13.180); Z. multiflora: Carvacrol (60.593) and Terbutaline, tris (trimethyl silyl) ether (11.229); T. balsamita: Carvone (42.607), (‒)-Thujanone (17.600); F. gummosa: β-Thujene (34.234), β-pinene (22.371); M. communis: δ-3-Carene (30.549), 1,8-Cineole (19.580), Carvacrol (13.987); C. limon: Limonene (55.131), and O. majorana: (‒)-Terpinen-4-ol (34.138), γ-Terpinene (15.494). EOs exhibited comparable ovicidal activity against the eggs of both species. Notably, A. annua EO displayed the highest efficacy, with LC50 values of 58.12 μl/L air for E. kuehniella and 51.55 μl/L air for P. interpunctella. For E. kuehniella, the EOs of M. communis, Z. multiflora, and F. gummosa followed suit in terms of efficacy, while E. persica, O. majorana, T. balsamita, and C. limon EOs demonstrated the lowest ovicidal activity. Conversely, regarding P. interpunctella, the EOs of M. communis, F. gummosa, Z. multiflora and E. persica exhibited the next highest efficacy, whereas T. balsamita, O. majorana, and C. limon EOs displayed the least ovicidal activity. Eggs of P. interpunctella exhibited slightly greater sensitivity compared to those of E. kuehniella. The EOs of M. communis and A. annua demonstrated the highest efficacy against first instar larvae of both species, with estimated LC50 values of 84.19 and 76.64 μl/L air, respectively. Following closely, EOs of A. annua and F. gummosa exhibited notable effectiveness against first instar larvae of E. kuehniella, while EOs of M. communis and Z. multiflora showed similar efficacy against first instar larvae of P. interpunctella. Conversely, the EOs of C. limon, T. balsamita, O. majorana and E. persica displayed the least larvicidal activity against E. kuehniella larvae, whereas the EOs of O. majorana and E. persica demonstrated the lowest efficacy against P. interpunctella larvae. Consistent with the findings concerning the eggs, the first instar larvae of P. interpunctella demonstrated slightly greater sensitivity compared to those of E. kuehniella. The EOs exhibited similar lethal effects against adults of both species. Notably, M. communis EO exhibited the highest lethality against male and female adults of both species, followed by EOs of A. annua, E. persica and Z. multiflora. Conversely, EOs of C. limon, T. balsamita, F. gummosa and O. majorana displayed the least lethal effect. Interestingly, female adults showed greater tolerance compared to male adults. Moreover, similar to the observations with eggs and first instar larvae, adults of P. interpunctella displayed slightly greater sensitivity than those of E. kuehniella.

The study findings highlight the significant lethal effects of various plant EOs, indicating promising alternatives to hazardous chemical pesticides. Iran's rich pharmaceutical plant flora contains diverse compounds, including volatile ones like EOs, which can be explored for their medicinal, insecticidal, fungicidal and other properties. The availability of formulations derived from complete plant EOs or their active components (i.e. insecticides, acaricides, fungicides and herbicides) in the market suggests the potential for developing more potent and environmentally friendly biorational pesticides through dedicated research in this field.

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity of Thyme Essential Oil (TEO) encapsulated by chitosan nanogels.

In this study, chitosan-stearic acid and chitosan-capric acid nanogels were developed in two ratios of chitosan to fatty acid (10: 1 and 10: 3).

The results of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed a successful binding of chitosan to capric and stearic acids. Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed that particle formation improved with increase of the ratio of fatty acid to chitosan. The antimicrobial capacity of both encapsulation systems on three species of microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans) was studied. A sustained release of curcumin was observed in Simulated Intestine Fluid. The developed nanogels did not have any toxicity on different cell lines. The results also showed that the antimicrobial capacity of TEO encapsulated with chitosan nanogels was higher (p<0.05) than the ionic method (use of sodium triphosphate incorporating chitosan).

The results have shown that encapsulating TEO in chitosan nanogels is a suitable alternative for synthetic antibiotics in different products.

Determining effective factors in cloud computing adoption on employees of Noor credit institution in South Khorasan province, Iran, is the purpose of the present study. A practical oriented method is applied regarding the research objective and a descriptive-survey method is used for collecting field data. Employees of Noor credit institution of South Khorasan province (50 people) are selected as the research sample. Accurate questionnaires are analyzed. Two researcher-made questionnaires are conducted as research tools. These questionnaires consist of effective factors in cloud computing adoption (12 factors including 47 items) and cloud computing adoption intention (3 items). The reliability of the research is evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient which is obtained α=0.54% for the questionnaire of effective factors in cloud computing adoption and has various values for the questionnaire of the cloud computing adoption intention. Also, the descriptive statistics approach is used to define variables, and confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis are applied in the inferential section. Structural equation modeling using Smart-PLS software is used to determine the effective factors in cloud computing adoption All 12 determined factors in cloud computing adoption are considered as dependent variables and cloud computing adoption intention is considered as an independent variable. 12 effective factors in cloud computing adoption on Noor credit institution of South Khorasan in Iran are determined and examined. It can be concluded that all factors (except the support of the top manager) have a positive and significant effect on cloud computing adoption intention, nonetheless, the value of statistic t for path analysis of the support of the top manager on cloud computing adoption intention is less than 1.96. This shows that the support of the top manager does not have a significant effect on cloud computing adoption intention.

Low temperatures have significant effects on the biological aspects of stored-product pests; thus, those can be used as a control method. Due to the delayed effects of low temperatures, the lethal and sublethal effects of 4˚C temperature were investigated, alone and combined to the eucalyptus essential oil, on mortality and some reproductive aspects of Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) for probable elimination of this limitation.

All experiments were carried out at the Entomological Research Lab., Department of Plant Protection, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The insect reared on wheat flour under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 5% R.H., 16:8 L:D). Adult's mortality due to the continuous exposure to low temperature, the effects of adults exposure to low temperature on their longevity, fecundity and percentage egg hatch, and finally, the effects of low temperature combined to different concentrations of eucalyptus essential oil on mortality, daily oviposition and percentage egg hatch of survived adults were recorded, and synergistic or antagonistic effects were determined. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed using a Varian CP-3800 gas chromatograph equipped with a Varian Saturn 2200 ion trap mass spectrometer and Helium as the carrier gas.

Continuous exposure to low temperature prolonged the lifespan of adult insects (some of them lived more than 33 days). Estimated LT50 and LT95 values for male adults of the Mediterranean flour moth exposed to 4 °C were 14.87 and 45.17 days, respectively; for female adults were 10.77 and 39.38 days, respectively; and as total were 12.67 and 42.28 days, respectively. Adult exposure to low temperature decreased the longevity, fecundity and percentage of the egg hatch of survived ones. By increasing exposure interval and essential oil concentration, fecundity decreased at a higher rate but percentage egg hatch did not affect. The interactions between low temperature and different plant essential oil concentrations were antagonistic. Among 16 identified constituents in the eucalyptus essential oil, 1,8-cineol (Eucalyptol) was the major oil component (30.48%).

Long-time exposure of stored-products moths to 4˚C temperature reduces the activity and mobility of these pests which has negative effects on their reproductive aspects. Hence, it could be effective as a control method. Antagonistic effect between low temperature and plant essential oil indicates that before selecting two insecticide agents for using in the combination, it is necessary that their synergistic interaction would be confirmed by carrying out the appropriate experiments.

In this paper, a new topology of quasi-Y-source impedance network is presented. This converter utilizes the change of winding factor and shoot through state in order to improve the gain of network. The proposed impedance network employs less turn ratio compared to quasi-Y-source and Y-source network to achieve high voltage gain. The continuous input current of the proposed converter is an advantage particularly for the applications related to the renewable energy sources such as Fuel Cell (FC) and photovoltaic (PV) systems. Furthermore, there is a dc-current-blocking capacitors in the proposed network, which helps to avoid the saturation of the coupled inductor. Operation principles of the converter are discussed and the steady state relations as well as voltage gain and voltage stress across the dc-blocking capacitors are derived. Proposed converter is compared to the conventional quasi-Y-source network, to show the advantages of the converter. Several simulations are done and the results are shown to indicate the performance of the proposed network. In this paper, an experimental prototype of a converter is presented. To prove the validity and consistency of the proposed network, several tests are carried out.This plan, can have a negative gain, similar to the quasi-Y-source network.

A new structure of multi-port DC-DC converter is proposed which is based on T-Source converter. It can be used for hybrid renewable energy applications. Two input ports includes a solar panel and battery. The main advantages of the converter are including; high voltage gain, continuous input current, independent mode operation of input ports, and high efficiency. Different switching modes are discussed in the relations for steady state operation of the converter are derived. A prototype of the converter is provided and several tests are performed which validates the simulations and theoretical predictions of the converter.

Phenolic compounds, especially those of plant origin, constitute an essential part of the human diet, and are of considerable interest due to their antioxidant properties. In this study, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), as well as Maceration Extraction (ME) methods were applied for phenolic compounds’ extraction from pistachio green hull. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions as regards the yield of the compounds. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namely liquid-to-solid ratio (8-20 times), temperature (25-65 °C) and time (5-45 minutes) on the dependent variable (level of total phenolic compounds). The results indicated that within the same extraction time, the extraction yield through UAE was higher than those in ME and MAE methods. Correlation coefficients (R2) of the models for UAE, MAE and ME methods were 0.95, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. The optimal conditions for extraction of phenolic compounds from pistachio green hull through ME, UAE, and MAE methods were 20(v/w), 65°C, 45 minutes; 20(v/w), 65°C, 25 minutes; and 20(v/w), 65°C, 45 minutes, respectively. Under optimized conditions the experimental values well agreed with the values predicted by the proposed models.

The sabalan periglacial environment is characterized by patterned ground and nivation,large phenomena obtained from mass movement such as rockylacier and solifluction,production of talus and breaking rock scarp. This zone extends into the glacier zone,too. Above the lower periglacial border the basic aspect of the vegetation cover is ofuro – siberian type. There are various methods to determine the periglacal lowerborder, and comparison of the results obtained by various methodes show that differenttechniques can give different results. The height of periglacial lower border obtainedby various methodes ranges from 2800 to 3655 m, but the lower limit of periglacialactivity with regard to MAAT of about 3000 m.