ahmad vahdani

This study aims to investigate the emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust of Pride and Samand cars with different types and fueling systems in Mashhad during the 2012-2015 by Motor Gas Tester for 2000 cars. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan post hoc test (P <0.05). The results showed that type X7 among the other studied types of Samand has the lowest level of pollutant production, while no significant difference was observed in terms of the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of different types of Pride. It was also found that the consumption of natural gas fuel in dedicated Pride increases the emission of pollutants and reduces in dedicated Samand, which indicates the better design of Samand in terms of fuel pump, type of kit used and other engine parts compared to Pride for usage of gas as an alternative fuel. It indicates that the combustion process in gasoline Pride is more complete and Samand is more suitable for using natural gas fuel.

 This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic parameters and air pollution with cardiovascular disease and its associated death during 2014 in Mashhad by time series model.

 Patient data (including outpatient and hospitalization) and cardiovascular mortality were obtained from the emergency medical center and Ferdowsi organization of Mashhad. Climatic parameters such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall were gathered from meteorological organization. Air pollutants data were collected from Mashhad environmental pollutants monitoring center for the statistical period of 2014-2015. In this study, Jenkins Box time series model (combined model of autoregression and moving average known as ARIMA) with significance level of 5% was used to investigate the effect of climatic parameters and air pollution values on cardiovascular disease and daily, weekly and monthly excess mortality rate. Then, the effect of various seasons on the total number of patients with cardiac issues and the resulting death was investigated by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test.

 The final model for determination of monthly correlation between climatic elements and air pollutants with the number of cardiovascular patients and its corresponding death was found to be best fitted by ARIMA (0,0,0). The monthly survey revealed that humidity (positive correlation), temperature (positive correlation), wind speed (negative correlation), and PM2.5 (negative correlation) with average values of 16.2471, 48.1628, 122.38, and 7.3905, respectively, had significant effects on the number of people experiencing cardiovascular disease. However, the monthly survey of mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease exhibited significant correlation (p < 0.05) with pressure (positive correlation), temperature (negative correlation), and rainfall (negative correlation) with average values of 6.5904, 1.5728, and 1.1704, respectively. The results showed a significant difference between the numbers of patients experiencing cardiovascular diseases in different seasons of the year with the highest recorded number of 3778 in autumn.

  The results suggest moderate correlation between atmospheric elements and air pollutants with the numbers of people experiencing cardiovascular diseases in short periods; however, in the case of long-term mortality, the correlation was strong. This study showed that climatic elements and air pollutants effectively affect cardiovascular diseases, while only climatic elements played a significant role in mortality. The main challenge of the present study is that cardiovascular disease and its resulting death may be influenced by parameters other than those considered in this study, such as multiple individual and environmental confounding variables.