فهرست مطالب akbar rostami

Land subsidence is a geological hazard that occurs in connection with human activities and environmental changes. This hazard has occurred in 60 countries and more than 150 cities of the world. Similar to many regions of Iran, the southern plains of the Alborz mountain range are facing rapid land subsidence in connection with excessive extraction of groundwater. Considering the average water consumption and the scattered data related to the drop in the underground water level in the country, it is not difficult to recognize that subsidence and its consequences have become a problematic phenomenon in the country. In recent years, many cracks have appeared in agricultural lands and residential buildings, streets and infrastructures of the study area; In such a way that in the agricultural sector of the region, it has caused the destruction and destruction of part of the lands, and in the residential sector, it has caused successive settlements in the buildings and caused irreparable damages.

In this research, data analysis was done in several stages, which are described below. In the first stage, using the information related to the water level drop of the wells in the studied basin, the amount of changes in the water level of the wells was calculated and then a map of the groundwater level drop in the studied basin was prepared. In the second step, using Sentinel 1 images for a period of 5 years (January 2017 to January 2022) and using the SBAS time series method, the amount of subsidence of the studied basin has been calculated. At this stage, the desired images with 24-day intervals have been prepared. After preparing the images, Linux operating system and SNAP software have been used to process the images. In the next step, the correlation between the amount of subsidence with the state of groundwater level drop in the region and other geomorphological parameters has been evaluated, for this purpose, the interpolation map related to the drop in the groundwater level of the region was entered into SPSS software in pixel format and then the subsidence map was also created. In the same way, it was entered into the SPSS software, and in this way, the relationship between the amount of subsidence and the groundwater loss of each pixel was evaluated together. At this stage, using the integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP, areas prone to subsidence have been identified. To do this, first, the desired parameters including lithology, height, slope, the amount of groundwater loss, proximity to the river and topographic units have been selected. After preparing the desired information layers, the layers are scaled based on the subsidence potential. After fuzzy membership of the layers, the layers are weighted based on the opinions of experts (3 Geomorphologists) and the Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP) and finally, the layers of information are combined using the fuzzy gamma operator and the final map of the areas prone to subsidence is prepared.

The area of Hashtgerd Plain lacks the variety of geomorphological landforms and is mainly located on the plain and old conifers. The absence of geomorphological barriers has made the residential and agricultural development in this area not to face much restrictions. Therefore, in the period of 30 years, there have been major changes in the land use of the region. The land use map of the studied area during the years 1990 to 2020 shows the increase of residential and agricultural uses. According to the results of calculating the water level drop in the studied wells, in this research, using the spline interpolation method, an annual groundwater drop map has been prepared in the study area, based on this, the middle and southern areas of the range Studies have the highest average annual groundwater level drop.
The correlation between the annual average drop of the underground water level and the amount of subsidence has been evaluated, and the results show that the correlation coefficient between them is about 7%. According to the results, it can be concluded that the Hashtgerd range has experienced subsidence between 18 and 320 mm in our five-year period.

Land subsidence will ultimately be the "death of the aquifer" and the destruction of agriculture and horticulture in the Hashtgerd Plain. With the continuation of this process, the fertile lands of Hashtgerd region will face a dark prospect and irreparable social and economic effects will affect the region. The results of radar interferometry indicate that the amount of subsidence in the study area during a 5-year period is between 18 and 32 cm. The final subsidence map shows that the highest amount of subsidence is in the southern and western areas and the lowest amount is related to the northern areas of the study area. Based on the assessment of areas prone to subsidence risk, it can be seen that the results of radar interferometry are highly reliable to a significant extent.

The growing concept of nostalgia in everyday life has highlighted the need to pay more attention to it in the discourse system of consumer behavior. Nostalgia, or the preference for what was common in the past, is a sad and at the same time pleasurable longing that plays a role in the recovery and re-creation of the consumer's biological world. The present study seeks to study the effect of nostalgia on consumer behavioral intentions in the light of the mediating role of empirical value and social Connectedness.

The statistical population of the study is the customers of restaurants that carry nostalgic representation elements from a semiotic point of view. The research method is mixed and to conduct this study, first the initial model was developed based on the literature. In the qualitative part and by in-depth interview method, the initial model and its sub-variables were rearranged and, through the survey method, the views of 259 customers of restaurants with nostalgic content space were studied.

The findings show that nostalgia mediates the behavioral intentions of consumers by mediating the empirical value (including return on consumer investment and perception of service superiority) and social Connectedness

A sense of belonging and desire to gain value can moderate consumer behavior in reading nostalgic interpretations and ultimately lead to the creation of new collective bonds.

In this work, at first, nano ZrO2 and Fe3O4/ZrO2 nanocomposite were prepared by sol-gel and co-precipitation methods, respectively. Then, Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were mixed with themin environmentally friendly and mild conditions using C. cyanus flower extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, and VSM techniques. The experimental results confirmed formation of the Ag nanoparticles with the 30-90 nm diameter on the surface of supports at room temperature within a few minutes. After that, the catalytic activity of the prepared nanocomposites in reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO) have been studied and our results showed that they have following sequence: Ag/ZrO2 > Ag/Fe3O4/ZrO2 > ZrO2 > ZrO2 (550 °C) > Fe3O4/ZrO2. Finally, the magnetically recoverable Ag/Fe3O4/ZrO2 nanocomposite could be reused three times without a considerable decrease in its catalytic activity. Observed results were presented here and the probable catalytic mechanism was discussed.

Background & Aims of the Study: Nitrate is one of the most important contaminants in aquatic environments that can leached to water resources from various sources such as sewage, fertilizers and decomposition of organic waste. Reduction of nitrate to nitrite in infant’s blood stream can cause “blue baby” disease in infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using modified almond charcoal with zinc chloride.
This study is an experimental survey. At the first charcoal almond skins were prepared in 5500C and then modified with ZnCl2. Morphologies and characterization of almond shell charcoal were evaluated by using FTIR, EDX, BET and FESEM. Adsorption experiments were conducted with 500 ml sample in Becker. The nitrate concentration removal, contact time, pH and charcoal dosage were investigated. The central composite design method was used to optimizing the nitrate removal process. The results analyzed with ANOVA test.
The best condition founded in 48 min, 1250 ppm, 125 mg/l and 3 for retention time, primary nitrate concentration, charcoal dosage and pH respectively. The results showed that the nitrate removal decreases with increasing pH. Modification of skin charcoal is show increasing of nitrate removal from aquatic solution.
In this study, the maximum nitrate removal efficiency for raw charcoal and modified charcoal was determined 15.47% and 62.78%, respectively. The results showed that this method can be used as an effective method for removing nitrate from aqueous solutions.

If environmental hazards, including those with atmospheric origin and terrestrial origin cause economic and human life losses for human societies, they would be considered as disasters. Terrestrial hazards, which mostly occur as catastrophic, may have economic and human life damages when they occur in a small scale but with high intensity. Mass movements are among the most important terrestrial hazards in areas susceptible to environmental hazards. Land sliding is one of the most important mass movements. In fact, it causes thousands of deaths and financial losses to residential areas annually. It has been classified as terrestrial hazards which has a high frequency rate in Iran and its influences have been observed in susceptible half-dry and wet domains of the country.
Sliding is an integrated and often rapid motion of volumes of sediments along the domains. Land sliding is one of the natural disasters which causes extensive human life and property losses in mountainous, rainy, and seismic regions every year. Since predicting the time of land sliding occurrence is beyond the current knowledge and ability of mankind, the dangers of landslides could be partly prevented through identifying sensitive regions to landslides and ranking these regions. Most of the previous studies have been conducted on the zoning of slide danger and less attention has been paid to zoning the risk of slides. In the current study, the sensitivity map of the sub-basins under study to the occurrence of land sliding is created using one of the unranked methods called Viktor adaptive optimization method which is based on measuring maximum usefulness and minimum regret.
Viktor methodology is one of the multi-criteria problem solving methods for problems with disproportionate and incompatible criteria for which the decision-maker needs a solution near to the ideal solution and all the options are assessed based on the criteria. Also, in situations in which the decision-maker is not able to identify and express the advantages of a solution at the time of designing, this method can be an efficient tool for decision-making.
Study area: Taleghan drainage basin is one of the important sub-basins of Sefidrood drainage basin and it is located in the southern range of Alborz Mountain ranges and in the 100 km distance from the northeast of Qazvin and 120 km distance from Tehran in the northwest. The area of the studied region is 374.92 km2. The average altitude of the basin was 2307 m above the sea level. Taleghan River in the center of this basin emanates in the west of Kandivan and flows towards the west. After receiving high water level branches such as Alizan, Mehran, etc., it joins Alamoot River and after that, pours into the lake of Sefidrood dam. The average annual rainfall of Taleghan drainage basin is 660.41 mm and its average temperature is 10.5 C. Therefore, based on Domart-en’s climate classification, Taleghan basin falls into the sub-humid group.
Material and In order to create the land sliding sensitivity map in Taleghanrood’s drainage basins, first, the primary information such as topography (1:50000), geological information (1:100000), aerial photos and existing satellite images, the basic maps in the studied area including the slope map, geology map and geomorphology map were created. After providing the information and basic maps, the study was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of determining the main criteria affecting the susceptibility of different regions to land sliding and creating the selected criteria maps. The second stage of this research consisted of determining the importance ratio of criteria and implementing the Viktor algorithm for reaching the sensitivity to land sliding map and classifying the basins according to their degree of sensitivity.
At first, according to the condition of the region and the experts’ comments, nine main criteria related to the susceptibility of the basin to land sliding and affecting the occurrence of land sliding were considered in the studied area. After selecting the main criteria, the next stage was to draw the maps pertaining to each of the selected criteria for weighing and evaluating the sub-basins in the GIS environment.
Considering the effect of the above mentioned criteria on the occurrence of land sliding, the degree of plant coverage and distance from faults have a decreasing effect and the other seven criteria have an additive effect. After creating the map of the selected criteria, the importance ratio of the criteria from the viewpoint of importance in the occurrence of land sliding and the susceptibility of the basins to this phenomenon were determined with the help of AHP hierarchal algorithm.
The advantage of the Viktor model is that evaluating all the criteria does not necessitate expert investigation, rather, raw data may be used. For instance, regarding slope parameters, altitude classifications, drainage density, and rainfall, the mean of slopes, average altitude, drainage density and rainfall of the sub-basin were used and the exact values were inserted into the matrix. However, since the criteria of distance from fault, land use, plant coverage, type of soil and lithology did not have any raw data, they were evaluated on a scale from 1 to 10. In the current study, in order to weigh the options according to the role of each criterion in the specific option, the definite weighing period from 1 to 10 has been used, such that weight 1 shows the lowest impact and weight 10 indicates the highest impact on land sliding danger.
Among the nine factors which have an impact on the sensitivity of the basin to sliding, seven criteria (slope, altitudinal classes, drainage density, land use, rainfall, type of soil and lithology) have an increasing effect and two criteria (distance from fault and plant coverage) have a decreasing impact on the susceptibility of the basin to land sliding. After measuring the overall weights of the criteria having an increasing effect for each of the studied sub-basins, it was found that Zidasht 1, 2 and Danbalid sub-basins have the highest value and Shahrak, Navizak and Hasanjan sub-basins have the lowest values. In other words, Zidasht 1, 2 and Danbalid sub-basins have the highest sensitivity to the occurrence of land sliding. The sensitivity of Shahrak, Navizak and Hasanjan sub-basins is minimum.
Based on the sensitivity map of the sub-basins of Taleghanrood, less than 40% of the area of the studied basin consists of sub-basins with low sensitivity or low susceptibility to the occurrence of land sliding. This finding could be partly related to suitable topographic condition, plant coverage, and the hydrogeomorphic condition of this region in increasing the capability of these sub-basins against land sliding. In contrast, around 60% of the area of the basin are surrounded by highly sensitive basins regarding the occurrence of land sliding. Sub-basins such as Zidasht 1, 2 and Danbalid have a high susceptibility for land sliding. Since many residential and rural areas are embedded in these sub-basins, more attention and better crisis management is necessary for these areas. Unfortunately, intense changes in land use and destruction of plant coverage in recent years which has occurred due to the development of tourist areas and personal promenades has converted these areas into the critical center of land sliding in Taleghan basin. Retaining plant coverage, preventing intense changes in land use, reconstructing and increasing the moisture power of the soil and stabilizing the slopes in sensitive ranges of the studied area are recommended.
This research was one of the first to use Viktor adaptive optimization method to investigate and create the sensitivity map of a region to land sliding. After field investigations and selecting the effective criteria in the ranges sensitive to sliding, Viktor algorithm was performed for investigating the sensitivity degree of regions to land sliding and it was shown that Zidasht 2 sub-basin has the highest sensitivity to the occurrence of land sliding in the studied drainage basin. Also, Navizak basin has the lowest sensitivity or susceptibility to the occurrence of land sliding with the maximum optimization index (Q) and maximum distance from the ideal amount.
Investigation of the sensitivity map of Taleghanrood basin to land sliding and also field visits confirmed the good performance of Viktor algorithm in ranking the susceptibility of basins to land sliding. The results of this study and the suggested method could be of use in future studies and it could be compared with other methods of estimating sensitivity to land sliding to better understand its strong and weak points.

Flood is a natural phenomenon, which human being has experienced from very old times. In Iran, due to its very large area, several climates, and time and local density of Precipitations in most watersheds, there are many great floods of the country. In this study, run-off coefficient, maximum debit of flood, identifying the factors and elements that are effective on bloodiness, and zoning of the area of Leilan chai watershed based on its flood bearing are analyzed. The curve number method was used for this watershed. To do this, firstly, the needed data and information including the statistical situation of the area climates and satellite images were gathered Inputted to the GIS data system. Compiling these data and information by the SCS method and the CN of the watershed, The infiltration level and run-off volume were prepared.Finally, the zoning map of the annual flooding potential of the area were produced using weighting model and compiling the area Precipitation, hydrological groups of soil, slope level, land use, etc.

Flood is a natural phenomenon, which human being has experienced from very oldtimes. In Iran, due to Its very large area, several climates, and time and local density ofPrecipitations in most watersheds, there are many great floods of the country. In thisstudy, run-off coefficient, maximum debit of flood, identifying the factors andelements that are effective on floodiness, and zoning of the area of Leilan chaiwatershed based on its flood bearing are analyzed. The curve number method was usedfor this watershed. To do this, firstly, the needed data and information including thestatistical situation of the area climates and satellite images were gathered Inputted tothe GIS data system. Compiling these data and information by the SCS method and theCN of the watershed, The infiltration level and run-off volume were prepared.Finally,the zoning map of the annual flooding potential of the area were produced usingweighting model and compiling the area Precipitation, hydrological groups of soil,slope level, land use, etc.