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Paleocene-Miocene sediments in the central part of the Gorgan Plain were studied to evaluate lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and reconstruction of the paleogeography of the South Caspian Basin (SCB). Based on nannofossils distribution in the studied interval, the following points were identified: Foram layers equivalent sediments have Thanetian –Eocene age and Upper Maykop- Diatom equivalent sediments have Middle-Late Miocene age. Evaluation of the nannofossils distribution in the studied interval has clarified a major unconformity between lower Paleocene-Eocene sediments and the upper Middle-late Miocene sediments. This unconformity is coincident with collisional event of the Afro-Arabia and Eurasia Plates and rising of the surrounding mountain ranges around the Caspian Basin including Alborz and Kopet-Dagh Mountains. Nannofossils distribution of the studied succession displays that the SCB was connected to the Black Sea and Mediterranean Basin in the lower Middle Miocene and was isolated in the Middle-Late Miocene. The interpreted east-west running seismic lines displays a clear increase in the sediment thickness and accommodation space from eastern to western part of the Gorgan Plain. The higher available accommodation space from east to west of the Gorgan Plain led to a delay in the subaerial exposure in the western part of the Gorgan Plain due to rising of the Kopet-Dagh and Alborz Ranges. This interpretation is consistent with the lack of the Paleocene-Eocene sediments and presence of the Cretaceous sediments below the major unconformity in the eastern part of the Gorgan Plain and presence of the Paleocene-Eocene sediment below the unconformity in the studied area.   

Introduction & In Cryptorchidism, testis is arrested in its normal path of descent. The importance of cryptorchidism is in its complications, such as: inguinal hernia, infertility, cancer, torsion of the spermatic cord and psychological disorders. The irreparable nature of some of these complications, show the necessity of more attention to the treatment of cryptorchidism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of high dose of HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) on Cryptorchidism treatment and the reduction of the necessity of surgical intervention in boys between 1-3 years of age.
Our study included 70 cryptorchidic boys, between 1-3 years of age. Patients were divided into two groups (A and B). One group received 1500 IU of high dose of HCG three times weekly for 3 weeks. The second group also received placebo, three times weekly for 3 weeks. One month after the last injection, patients were evaluated with physical examination and ultra-sonography. The effect of HCG on testicular descent and size was examined. Finally, patients who were not treated underwent surgery. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software, using descriptive statistical tests, chi-square ýtest, t test, and logistic regression.
A positive correlation was found between the rate of success and the testicular position. There was no relation between the HCG response and gestational age and the age at which treatment was initiated. Response to HCG treatment of cryptorchidism (Testicular descent and testicular size) was 80% (P Based on the findings of present study, HCG is effective in descension and enlargement of testis, so confirmation of this matter require complementary studies with larger sample size.

Introduction & The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of elevated white cell count (WCC), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and bilirubin in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. In this prospective study, all patients (n=189), with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, who had undergone operation in teaching hospitals during one-year period, were studied, regardless of their age. After considering the exclusion criteria, 149 patients were evaluated. In all patients, in addition to routine tests, measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) and bilirubin were performed. Surgery was performed on the basis of Alvarado score. After surgery, the patients were classified into three groups (positive appendectomy, negative appendectomy and perforated appendicitis) according to pathological findings, and the results were evaluated. Out of 149 patients, 86 were males and were 60 females with e mean age of 28.1±12.7 years. The pathological examination revealed that 20 patients (13.4%) had negative appendectomy, and Positive appendectomy was observed in 129 patients (6.86%), of which 23 had perforated appendicitis that was confirmed by histopathologic results. In this study, a statistically significant difference was observed between the patients with positive and patients with negative appendectomy, in terms of levels of CRP, mean total WCC and mean levels of bilirubin (P<0.001). In addition, the highest sensitivity in diagnosis of appendicitis was related to CRP (80.1%). Furthermore, the highest specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were related to bilirubin, with specificity of 81/3 % and PPV of 92.5%. If the diagnosis of appendicitis is indicated in patient with tenderness, i.e. RLQ rebound tenderness and elevated levels of WCC, CRP and bilirubin combined, then the likelihood of having appendicitis is 99.2%.

Reservoir characterization plays a critical role in appraising the economic success of reservoir management and development methods. This study identifies the different rock types that comprise reservoirs, marginal reservoirs and non-reservoirs. Porosity and permeability are the key parameters for identifying the rock types and reservoir characterization. The qualification of these parameters is usually measured directly from cores using conventional core analysis methods, and indirectly using geophysical well logs, well tests, and artificial neural network methods. However, for determination of rock types and reservoir evaluation, in addition to quantity of porosity and permeability we need to determine pore geometry and pore aperture size which are related to grain size, sorting and packing as well as to factors such as the mineralogy and diagenetic history of the reservoir. This paper presents the results of a combination of conventional core analysis, capillary pressure curve characteristics, compressional net stress analysis, thin sections and SEM petrographical investigations integrated with geophysical well logs. A total of 4 different rock types were identified within the reservoir interval, in addition to two types of pore throat, one with a larger flow capacity than the other. The low permeability in non-reservoir rock types is probably related to higher amounts of clay minerals that affect pore throat connectivity and fining the pore throats between the microcrystalline calcites in the reservoir