bijan maleki

Tunneling projects are implemented over a relatively long time due to the limited work environment. In this case, project management and implementation optimization are very important. Various methods can be used to control and manage the project. Network methods are one of the effective methods. . The CPM and PERT methods are the most commonly used. The GERT method is also one of the most efficient networking methods and can be used for situations where there are potential activities in addition to time. Due to the complexity of the operation and also the unknown geological conditions in the tunneling, in addition to the uncertain timing of some activities, not all activities are necessarily definitive and some activities will not be performed depending on the conditions in each project. Therefore, in this study the used of GERT method in tunneling has been investigated and an example is shown for its used. In this example, first different tunneling operations are outlined for the project of constructing a large cross-section tunnel. Then, according to the type of each activity, the likelihood of execution and the time interval of execution are defined. Due to the technical and operational conditions, the relationship between activities based on the GERT network was shown. The method of network analysis was expressed in both manual and software. A numerical example was implemented using Risk Analysis Primavera software and different completion times were obtained for different project percentages. Conversely, the corresponding probability times can also be set for different predicted times. The project execution time is 2981 days with 50% probability and 3082 days with 80% probability.

In this study, the sediments of Kazhdumi Formation were evaluated as a possible source rock in Ahwaz, Aghajari, Parsi, Kilorkrim and Masjed Soleiman oil fields in Zagros basin located in southwestern Iran. For this purpose, the Arrhenius kinetic model was used to evaluate the maturity of the source rock as well as to investigate oil generation. According to the information obtained, the dominant kerogen in the Kazhdumi Formation is type II. Also, based on the values obtained from the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, this Formation has fully entered the oil window and has a high . Therefore, the kerogen of this Formation was classified in very good source rock, which has a very good hydrocarbon potential. Similar results were obtained in this study based on the Arneus kinetic model. Accordingly, the Transformation rateof hydrocarbons in different oil fields were the range of 66 to 100%. These changes are mainly due to different burial history in the oilfields studied.

Investigation of probable source rocks in oil fields is very important. In this study, in addition to evaluating the hydrocarbon potential, the kinetic models of Lopatin and Arrhenius were used to more precisely assess the source rock maturity status as well as the percentage of oil generation in the Solabdar oil field. This field is southeast of Bibi Hakima Square, located in the Dezful embayment. Possible source rocks are scorpions, scorpions, Gurpi and Pabdeh. The samples were also analyzed kinetically and the transformation ratio (TR) of kerogen to the generated hydrocarbon was determined. According to the burial history, the source rock of Kazhdomi formation has reached the highest temperature and depth compared to other source rocks. According to the results of Lopatin method, the transformation rate of organic matter in formations, Gurpi and Pabdeh was determined by 41%, 30% and 30%, respectively. This transformation rate by Arrhenius method was 47%, 15%, and 13%, respectively. This difference is due to the two-factor assumptions that the article discusses.

The application of petroleum geochemistry and the determination of the source of petroleum source rock will greatly help to reduce the risk of oil exploration. In this regard, kinetic models have been introduced to more accurately assess the maturity of the source rock as well as the percentage of oil generation. In this study, the application of Arrhenius model as a suitable kinetic model for estimating the percentage of oil generation in the source rock has been demonstrated. For this purpose, the Kazhdumi, Pabdeh, Sarvak and Gurpi formations were studied as potential source rocks in the Kilur Karim oilfield to illustrate the application of the method. At first, using the results of Rock-Eval analysis, the type of kerogen was determined based on the Arrhenius model classification. Then, with the burial history, the time-temperature index was determined and the conversion rates of the probable source rocks were determined using diagrams and model relationships. For validation, the results were compared with previous descriptive research. The results show that the hydrocarbon production potential of the Pabdeh formation is weak to good and the dominant kerogen is of type IIB to IIC ( X=70/68%, X=3/92%). Kazhdumi formation also has moderate to good hydrocarbon potential and has entered the oil window (X=66/04%, X=100%). But the Sarvak and Gurpi formations do not enter the oil window and have a lower TTI.

The present study investigates the geochemical properties of potential source rocks in the eastern Caspian Basin from Alborz structural zone. For this purpose, sections of Suchelma and Purva in south of Neka and an outcrop in south of Sari were selected. The studied samples of sedimentary source rocks of the Paleocene age were analyzed based on Rock-Eval analysis method. The results of Rock- Eval pyrolysis and organic petrography results of probable source rock sediments in one of the exploration wells of Gorgan plain were also studied. According to the results, most of the outcrops samples are immature and were deposited in a regressive continental environment. The samples of exploration borehole studied, are good in terms of organic matter richness but in terms of the amount of kerogen maturation are immature. According to the results of this study, these samples have weak hydrocarbon generating power and total organic carbon content of about 1% as well as kerogen type III. It was also specified in the determination of organic facies that most of the mentioned samples show deep environmental conditions adjacent to orogenic and continental sites and are deposited in a regressive environment.

Provision of safety for miners is one of the important mining requirements. Hazards and accidents in mines should be eliminated, controlled or minimized. The most common cause of mineral events is the human error factor. In this research, human-caused accidents in Tabas coal mine have been investigated by Sherpa method.

In SHERPA, which is a systematic way of predicting and reduction the human error, the most important human errors that cause accidents are categorized by location or type of activity. The results are presented in the form of job charts.

Out of the 37 identified errors, the highest number of errors was 18 (48.44%) and the functional type, 13 errors were related to Checking (35.13%), 5 errors were the type of communication (51.13%) and 2 errors related to the selection (4. 5%). Then, AHP prioritization was applied and appropriate control strategies were proposed to reduce the risk of errors based on priorities. Human error reduction alternatives include upgrading equipment, education, instructions, and organization.

The results of the study showed that upgrading equipment is the most suitable alternative for reducing human error. This upgrade was considered for the whole mine, and it has been shown that in the absence of resource and cost constraints or time limitation, one can examine the effect of alternatives on each of the main activities for better results, the effects of alternatives on each of the main activities could be examined for better results. In this case, the above method is better able to perform, because instead of upgrading equipment for all sectors, upgrading each section is done according to the more effective alternatives.

In this study, the application of Arrhenius model as a suitable kinetic model for estimating the percent of oil produced in the source rock has been demonstrated. For this purpose, Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations were studied as potential source rocks in Ahwaz Oil Field to illustrate the application of the method. In this regard, the maturity status of the source rock as well as the percentage of oil generation in the Ahwaz oil field was determined. Geochemical investigation of the formations showed that Kazhdumi Formation is the main source of this oil field among the formations in Ahwaz oil field. The results show that the hydrocarbon production potential of the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations are very good and poor respectively. The dominant Krogene in the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations are II and III respectively. Based on the results of burial history reconstruction and thermal modeling, the Kazhdumi Formation entered the oil window in this well, while the Pabdeh Formation did not enter the oil window due to inappropriate thermal regime (X=0). Therefore, among these formations, Kazhdumi Formation is considered as the main and most effective source of Ahwaz oil field with maximum oil conversion (X = 100)

Investigating potential source rocks in oilfields is important. In this study, in addition to evaluating the hydrocarbon potential, the Arrhenius kinetic model was used to more accurately assess the source rock maturity status as well as the percentage of oil generation in the Parsi oilfield. In the Arrhenius model, the rate of kerogen decomposition is very important. In this research, some source rocks that have been tested by thermal pyrolysis were kinetically analyzed and the source rock conversion ratio (TR) was determined. Based on the results of burial history and thermal modeling, it was found that Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations were in the oil window well while Gurpi formation did not enter the oil window due to poor organic matter content (TR = 0). Therefore, among the Kazhdomi, Gurpi and Pabdeh formations in the Parsi oilfield, Kazhdumi formation is considered as the main and most effective source rock of this oilfield with high TTI and TR = 100.

Complete recognition of exploration criteria is considered as an important step in the systematic and scientific analysis of mineral potential mapping. The starting point of this analysis is recognition of the mineral potentials and the mechanism of their formation in different geological areas. In order to achieve such goals we can benefit from the known mineralization information. Integrating and analyzing all the data in the geographic information systems (GIS) can lead to the identification of promising mineral areas for future studies (San Soleimani et al., 2011). GIS can be used to organize, process, analyze and integrate the results of geological, geochemical and geophysical, tectonic and alteration studies in order to identify and evaluate the potential of different minerals (Bonham Carter, 1998). The aim of this paper is to apply the fuzzy integration method in GIS with using all the information, without the need to simplify them, in less time and with acceptable accuracy in order to recognize mineral potentials in the Ramand region. Investigation of mineral potentials in this area with using fuzzy logic in addition to the scientific-research aspects, can provide the discovery of appropriate patterns for other mineral resources in Iran.

The first step in any exploration project is that mapping is done with the aim of optimal potential to provide a model for the exploration of possible deposits in the region. This process in next steps will be continued with an extraction of useful information from various data that are contained in the database and this done work is done based on the properties of the elements under prospecting and the relevant exploration models. However, in the final stage, the combination of these maps is based on different models (Bonham Carter, 1998). The pre-requisite for the production of the mineral potential map, is to determine the weight and value which reflects the relative importance of the data classification (Hosseinali and Alesheikh, 2008). According to the study's default that is modeling with using fuzzy logic, a range of values between zero and one can be used to express the degree or the value of a collection (Novriadi and Darijanto, 2006) This is such that zero means lack of full membership and value of one is meant to be a full member of the collection. So, other set members can also be allocated values between zero and one and based on the degree of their membership to the set. So, it can be said that in the mining exploration, membership values are used to indicate the relative importance of each map as well as the relative importance of each class of a single map (Bonham Carter, 1998). Exploratory layers produced in GIS (in the fuzzy theory section), appear in the role of fuzzy sets and are combined by fuzzy operators (Table 1). The combining layers in the fuzzy method express the concept from the optimal options.

In this study, some of the geo-referenced data consisting of geological data, remote sensing, tectonic and geophysical data have been used. Geological data for separate lithological units in the region and the identification of faults, remote sensing data to identify hydrothermal alterations and fault lineaments and airborne geophysical data in order to detect magnetic fault lineaments and check the changes of magnetic susceptibility related to hydrothermal alterations are used so that after collecting and entering data, processing the necessary studies has been carried out on them. Finally, by combining the results of each layer and giving the fuzzy weighting to them based on their importance in mineralization and the use of the fuzzy algorithm and gamma (the fuzzy operator) in GIS, the final map is obtained to identify the potential areas with using it in the Ramand region. The possibility to acquire the exploration pattern of base and precious metals is provided in the mineral-prone areas.

In this study, there was a lot of exploration of information such that the decision to determine the potential points and continuing the exploration activities had been made very difficult. Thus, with use of the fuzzy integration method in GIS, all of the information were managed without any need to simplify them, in less time and with acceptable accuracy. Fuzzy logic is a method based on expert knowledge that is used for integration of exploration data and producing the optimal potential map of the Ramand regional reserves. It points to promising and priority areas for accurate and detailed information. Therefore, it is better to carry out exploration operations and reduces the cost and time as well as expedition to decision-making. And accuracy is very effective.

Summary: Ventilation is one of the most important safety issues in mining operations. Proper analysis of mine ventilation network requires a detailed understanding of air movement in different parts of the mine. Ventilation analysis in medium and large underground mines is complicated and requires numerical modellings to be done. Among the approximation methods of network analysis is the node – loop method which is also known as linear theory method. In Hardy - cross and Newton-Raphson methods, initial guesses are used based on the continuity equations of nodes that are difficult for the large networks and time consuming. The advantage of the node-loop method is that it doesnt need to consider the initial guessing for node equations. Another advantage of this method is the higher speed of convergence for second-order equations. Initially, this method was used in electricity and water distribution networks, but it seldom has been used in mine ventilation network. In this paper, the fundamentals of ventilation network equations and node - loop method are explained. Then the use of this method for solving the equations in mine ventilation is discussed. Network equations are introduced by matrix forms based on branches flow rates. The governing equations for the network and the method for linearization are introduced, followed by a numerical example of mine ventilation network. Finally, Pabdana mine ventilation network has been analyzed by the node-loop method. In this case study, air distribution was calculated in different parts of the mine with good convergence not using initial guess.
Ventilation is one of the most important safety issues in mining operations. Proper analysis of mine ventilation network requires a detailed understanding of air movement in different parts of the mine. Ventilation analysis in medium and large underground mines is complicated and requires application of numerical methods.

Methodology and Approaches: The node-loop method for ventilation network is used in this paper. The practical application of this method is for modeling and analysis of mine ventilation networks. The governing equations and the linearization method are introduced. The advantage of the node-loop method is that there will be no initial guessing for implementing solution. The structured matrixes used are made so that to fit comprehensive ventilation conditions in mines, which includes simultaneous application of fans and natural ventilation.
Results and The node-loop method is shown as an alternative method for mine ventilation networks. The use of this method for solving the equations in mine ventilation is discussed. Network equations are introduced by matrix forms based on branches flow rates. A numerical example of mine ventilation network is followed to better introduce the method. It has also been shown that in this method the speed of convergence is higher for the second-order equations. Finally, Pabdana mine ventilation network has been analyzed by the node-loop method. In this case study, air distribution was calculated in different parts of the mine with good convergence. The operational point of fans is also obtained. The method can be introduced for mine ventilation design and analysis.

The most costly operation in the oil exploration is the well network drilling. One of the most effective ways to reduce the cost of drilling networks is decreasing the number of the required wells by selecting the optimum situation of the rig placement. In this paper, Balas algorithm is used as a model for optimizing the cost function in oil well network, where the vertical and directional drilling is performed. The model can determine optimal well placement as well as optimal paths to develop the field. The proposed model is implemented in an Iran southern gas field with five drilling rigs used to drill 44 wells from 14 positions on the surface. The results show a 17.4% reduction compared to the proposed cost.