نشریه زمین شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته
سال یازدهم شماره 39 (بهار 1400)

Abstract In this study, the empirical relation between electrical resistivity and moisture content of municipal solid waste was determined at a closed landfill site. Samples obtained from drilled boreholes were investigated to measure their physical properties. In this study, a specific electrode array, dipole-dipole array, was used in laboratory measurements since it is very useful in 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography. After correction of temperature and compression effects on the electrical resistivity data in laboratory, a strong correlation was developed between electrical resistivity and moisture content of samples. The validity of obtained mathematical relation was confirmed by using it in moisture content estimation of a new borehole. The data of this borehole were not used to determine the empirical relation between electrical resistivity and moisture content of the samples. A comparison of the estimated moisture content with the corresponding values measured in the laboratory indicates a very strong correlation.

Garnet and tourmaline have been recognized as minor minerals in Marziyan leucogranites of the North of the Azna region as a part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone. These felsic rocks outcrop in metamorphic rocks such as micaschist and andalusite schist. Garnets are mostly anhedral to euhedral, without reaction rim as well as inclusion and they have uniform composition and rich in spessartine. Based on the petrographic and chemical studies, garnets have a magmatic origin and they are derived from a felsic melt because their CaO amount is <4wt%. Tourmalines are anhedral to subhedral, coarse to medium grains and they are classified in shorlite-dravite type as well as alkali group in composition. Tourmalines are categorized into two groups of magmatic with a ratio higher than Al, Fe/Fe+Mg and hydrothermal with a low Fe#. Mineral chemistry of garnet and tourmaline minerals signifies the S-type Marziyan granite magma.

Extensive volcanic rocks with phyllic, argillic and propylitic alterations have outcrops in the north of Saveh. This area is considered as the an important region for Cu mineralization (e.g., porphyry and manto-types). Given that iron minerals could be formed during the supergene alteration in the upper parts of porphyry Cu systems, the Thematic Mapper (TM), the plus Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) and landsat8 images were utilized for the enhancement of these minerals in the study area. The TM3/TM1. TM4/TM1 band ratio (BR) on the TM image, 3/1 band ratio on the ETM+ image and 4/2 band ratio on the Landsat8 image were applied to identify iron mineral zones in the study area. The rock samples were collected in the study areas. The FieldSpec3 device and the Spectral Geologist (TSG) 7.1.0.073 techniques were used for detection of iron mineral types. Then the spectra obtained from the FieldSpec3 device were entered into the spectral analysis software (TSG). The FieldSpec3 and TSG identified hematite and goethite minerals in the rock samples. Because the sampling points are most consistent with the band ratio method in the TM image and the spectroscopy technique confirms the results of this method, in this study, enhancing of the iron containing minerals using band ratio method in the TM image was identified as a suitable method in the North Saveh.

The study area, as a part of north Makran ophiolitic melange, is located in Southeast of Iran. This ophiolitic complex contain a relatively complete sequence of oceanic lithosphere with well preserved mantle and crust sequences. The dominant structures are WNW-ESE thrust faults with north-northeast dip resulting a SSW-ward transportion. Peridotite (harzburgite, dunite and lherzolite) is the most abundant rock type in mantle sequence of this complex. Olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and a few spinels are the main rock forming minerals, and granular, poikilitic and mesh are their main textures. Electron microprobe analyses of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel in harzburgites and dunites show that olivine is forsterite (Fo:87-90), orthopyroxene is enstatite (En:88-91), clinopyroxene is diopside (En:44-48, Wo:48–52), and spinel is Al-Cr bearing (Spl:54-69, Chr:21–36) type. The mean values of Mg# (Mg#=Mg/(Mg+Fe+2) in olivine, clinopyroxene, respectively are 0.86, 0.92, 0.96 and Cr# (Cr#=Cr/Cr+Al+Fe3+) in spinel is 0.27. The chemical composition of olivine and spinel indicate that the peridotites are of abyssal type, belong to sub-oceanic crust mantle, and endured 10 to 15 % partial melting. Based on discriminant diagrams, Makan peridotites represent mid oceanic ridge affinities with no distinguishable and conclusive subduction influence. Therefore, north Makran ophiolite formed in an extensional basin between the central Iranian microcontinents (Lut block), to the north-northeast, and the continental sliver of Bajkan-Durkan complex to the south-southwest.

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb deposit northeast ofOligodarz in Lorestan province andthe Baba Gholleh Zn-Pb deposit inthe southwest of Khomein city inthe Markazi province.Both ofthese deposits are located inthe middle part ofSanandaj Sirjan zone andIsfahan-Malayer metallogenic belt.Mineralization occurs inUpper Triassic toJurassic Phyllites and meta-sandestones inthe Gol-e-Zard deposit and mineralization inthe Baba Gholleh deposit occurs inPost-middle Jurassic black Phyllites.The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb deposit northeast ofOligodarz inLorestan province andthe BabaGholleh Zn-Pb deposit inthe southwest ofKhomein city inthe Markazi province.Both ofthese deposits are located inthe middle part of Sanandaj Sirjan zone and Isfahan-Malayer metallogenic belt. Based on geochemical studies, Zn/Cd rates inboth deposits are less than200,which are within the range ofmetamorphosed sedimentary deposits.The amount of Ga, Hg and Sn inthe sphalerites ofthe Baba Gholleh deposit was higher than inthe Gol-e-Zard deposit. The amount ofthese elements is inversely correlated withthe temperature ofthe mineralizing fluid.The amount of Co in the Gol-e-Zard deposit sphalerites is higher than inthe Baba Gholleh deposit.Its amount directly related tothe fluid temperature.Based on the SEM-EDX(on chalcopyrite)and ICP-Ms(on sphalerites),the amount ofcadmium inthe Gol-e-Zard deposit and iron content the Baba Gholleh deposit were higher.The amount of Cu and Inand Co/Ni ratios inthe sphalerites of the Gol-e-Zard deposit and the Baba Gholleh deposit arewithin range theSEDEX deposit ofsouthern China.Fluid inclusion analyses indicate that ore bearing fluid salinity is15 to17.5wt%NaCl eq.with mean temperature of181˚C for Gol-e-Zard and 12 to 17 wt% NaCl eq.with mean temperature of166 ˚C forBaba Gholleh.Based on geological,mineralogical,geochemical as well asfluid inclusion studies,it seems that Gol-e-Zard and BabaGolleh deposits share many similarities withSEDEX type deposits.

Gonabad Plain is located in arid and semi-arid region. Qanat is the most important method for the exploitation of groundwater in this region. In Gonabad Plain, 19.5 million cubic meters of groundwater is annually extracted from 26 qanats whose flow rates vary from 10 to 120 lit/s. in this research, six major qanats of Gonabad Plain were sampled for isotopic analyses to determine the annual recharge of the groundwater of these qanats. The deuterium (D) and oxygen (18O) isotopes signatures demonstrate the origin of the groundwater of these qanats is infiltration of precipitation through fractures in the limestone and sandstone formations at the south of the basin and infiltration of surface water in the coarse grain alluvial cones at the south border of the plain. Isotopic gradient line of basin shows the groundwater recharge of these qanats originates from an area between 2000 to 2700 m a.s.l. Discharge amount and isotopic content of the groundwater of these qanats in wet and dry periods and isotopic composition of annual precipitation indicates approximately 28 to 39 percent of the qanats discharge is related to the precipitation of the same year.

The majority of Iranian hydrocarbon reservoirs are carbonate for which fracture evaluation and detection will play an essential role in maximizing production, reservoir development and cost optimization from fractured intervals. Nowadays, Cores and image logs are usual tools and direct methods as continuous data for studying of fracture; however, it is both technically and financially impossible to core or image the whole thickness of the reservoir. One application for Cross Multiple Array Acoustic Log (XMAC) is its capability to evaluate fractures by measuring Stoneley wave. Thus In this study, the XMAC was used to determine position fractures and evaluate its intensity in the fractured bearing Asmari formation. For this, the Stoneley wave data were analyzed using commercial software. After data processing and performance different type filtering methods for reflection enhancement, the direct and Up/Down as reflected Stoneley waves were subtracted from the original data and reflection coefficients were calculated afterwards. From the calculated reflection coefficients, positions and intensities of fracture were determined. The results were validated by STAR and VDL as two direct and indirect methods respectively. The results show the good correlation in the most of zones between fracture intensities derived from RC and star image log respectively provided Such features could be changes in lithology (beddings) and hole diameter (bad hole or break-out intervals) are determined and then eliminated. The reason of doing this project using Stoneley.

The ChahMusa region is known as the head of the mining of Toroud-ChahShirin volcanic belt which has been a source of copper mineralization for a long time. The outcroped rock units in the studied area are including tuffs and andesitic breccia, , andesitic dacite, andesitic basalts, andesites, micro-quartz diorite and gabbroic dykes. Copper carbonates are the main minerals in the region, and chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, bournite and covellite minerals are minor minerals in this region. Dominant alterations of the studied area are including argillic, propylitic, and calcitization. This study has been carried out on quartz and calcite minerals as syngenetic waste of sulfide minerals. The transfer of metals in the mineralizing fluids was mainly carried out by chloride complexes. As well as, eutectic data show that, there are two soluble systems probably active in the region, which is consistent with the H2O-NaCl-KCl and H2O-CaCl2-MgCl2 systems. Measured eutectic temperatures indicate that there are probably two types of fluids in the area. The performed detail temperature on the fluid inclusions of studied area indicates that the salinity of these fluids varies from 3 to 26% by weight, equivalent to NaCl, and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions is between 130 ° C and 470 ° C. Obtained evidence show that sulfide ore formation in this region is from epigenetic type and may have occurred under conditions epithermal. The fluid inclusions study has led to the formation of deposits as a result of boiling, cooling during the and mixing whit atmospheric waters.

The Kal-e-Kafi area is located at 65th km of northeast of the Anarak city (Isfahan province). Metaperidotites of this area and associated Anarak Paleozoic metasediments are in contact with the Kal-e-Kafi Eocene intrusive body. Metaperidotites of Paleozoic age are remnants of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust. Petrography study shows that these rocks are consist of metamorphic minerals of olivine (forsterite-chrysolite) (CaO According to the results from the field study, petrography evidences, mineral chemistry and thermobarometry calculations, it can be concluded that peridotites of the Kal-e-Kafi area and Anarak sediments, have suffered a regional metamorphism in P-T condition of green schist facies in the Paleozoic, then in the Eocene the intrusive phases of the Kal-e-Kafi, caused to a progressive contact metamorphism in 680 to 770 °C and at pressure 0.5 kbar. This T-P conditions of metamorphism points to the metamorphism in pyroxene hornfels facies. Partial serpentinization of some metamorphic olivines and orthopyroxenes, and formation of late-stage chlorite around of some of tremolites, indicate occurrence of the retrograde metamorphism.

The application of petroleum geochemistry and the determination of the source of petroleum source rock will greatly help to reduce the risk of oil exploration. In this regard, kinetic models have been introduced to more accurately assess the maturity of the source rock as well as the percentage of oil generation. In this study, the application of Arrhenius model as a suitable kinetic model for estimating the percentage of oil generation in the source rock has been demonstrated. For this purpose, the Kazhdumi, Pabdeh, Sarvak and Gurpi formations were studied as potential source rocks in the Kilur Karim oilfield to illustrate the application of the method. At first, using the results of Rock-Eval analysis, the type of kerogen was determined based on the Arrhenius model classification. Then, with the burial history, the time-temperature index was determined and the conversion rates of the probable source rocks were determined using diagrams and model relationships. For validation, the results were compared with previous descriptive research. The results show that the hydrocarbon production potential of the Pabdeh formation is weak to good and the dominant kerogen is of type IIB to IIC ( X=70/68%, X=3/92%). Kazhdumi formation also has moderate to good hydrocarbon potential and has entered the oil window (X=66/04%, X=100%). But the Sarvak and Gurpi formations do not enter the oil window and have a lower TTI.

Water quality was reported a public health issue as cases of fluorosis among Ahar town residents in east Azarbayjan. In this paper, some geochemical parameters were investigated that control fluoride concentration in the water resources with risk assessment for the residents. For this purpose, 21 water samples from water resources in north and eastern north parts of Ahar town villages were sampled and some parameters and ions of the water samples were measured in lab. The highest concentrations of this ion were seen in the central region with average of 2.8 mg/L. With considering F – concentration of 1 mg/L as the best concentration, the water samples were classified in two groups including the high and low F – concentrations. Piper diagram showed the most water samples had high Na + and HCO3 – concentrations. The lithological investigations showed source of high concentrations F – is flouroapatite igneous rocks containing biotite, hornblende, and apatite minerals. Relationships between F – concentration and pH, total soluble solids, electrical conductivity, and basic ions of the water samples were investigated in this study. Results of the health risk of F – showed for higher than 1 mg/L concentration regions, for all ages daily exposure dose was higher than health limit daily exposure dose. In less than 1 mg/L concentration regions, only for infants daily exposure dose was higher than its health limit.

Numerous spectrometer and spectroradiometer models such as TerraSpec and FieldSpec have been designed to measure wavelengths over the Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) regions. In this research the spectral measurements were conducted indoors and outdoors at the Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences of Kerman Gradate University using FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer to identify alteration minerals. The spectral results were compared to the extracted spectra of TerraSpec® spectrometer from Basque university, Spain, microscopic studies and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The attempt is to investigate the accuracy of the extracted spectra, optimize the noise and offer a suitable suggestion for improvement the results through implantation of processing methods. Spectral measurements in different situations revealed that many factors such as; the environmental conditions, the distance of electronic gun from samples, time of measurement, and field of view angle can effect on the spectral response. With implementation of this research an appropriate laboratory space were supplied for spectral measurement by FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer. In addition, the spectral analysis identified muscovite, illite, halloysite, montmorillonite, dickite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, pyrophyllite, biotite, jarosite, goethite, and hematite.