فهرست مطالب نویسنده:
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ObjectivesSodium disorders are one of the most important electrolyte disturbances in children admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of electrolyte disturbances and the associated factors in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients.MethodsAll patients hospitalized in PICU of Ali Ebne Abi Talib Hospital during a year since October 2015 considered for the study. Electrolyte disturbances involving; sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were identified in PICU. Statistical tests were determined at 5% error level.ResultsThe prevalence of sodium, calcium and magnesium abnormalities was not significantly different in gender of patients (P > 0.05), but, the prevalence of hypokalemia (9.5% versus 1.7%) and hyperkalemia (37.8% vs. 31.3%) were higher in girls compared with boys. (P = 0.021). The rate of hyponatremia (29.3% vs. 13.1%) and hypernatremia (18.3% vs. 15.9%) in children who had died were significantly higher than in alive children. (P = 0.013). The prevalence of all electrolyte disorders was not significantly different from those of diuretics consumption (P > 0.05). Hyperkalemia though (41% versus 27.3%) was significantly higher in children with diuretic use than in other children. (P = 0.022). The frequency of electrolytes abnormalities in children was not significantly different between diseases (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe study concluded that the frequency of electrolytes was significantly different in deceased children compared to alive children. However, hyperkalemia was significantly higher in children with diuretic use than in other children. Therefore, it is much necessary to measure these electrolytes in course of hospitalization.Keywords: Electrolyte Disturbances, PICU, Child
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ObjectiveIn the current investigation, we aimed to study the combined cytotoxicity of curcumin, as a nanomicellar formulation, and galbanic acid (Gal), dissolved in DMSO against the murine C26 and human Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells. Further, curcumin potential for cisplatin and doxorubicin (Dox) co-therapy was studied.Materials and MethodsThe combined cytotoxic effect of these phytochemicals at varying dose ratios were examined using the MTT colorimetric assay. Moreover, the time-dependent toxicity of curcumin, cisplatin, Dox, and pegylated liposomal Dox (Doxil) was determined. The interactive anti-proliferative behavior of these compounds was examined using the CompuSyn software.ResultsNanomicellar curcumin showed considerable cytotoxicity in C26 cells 24 hr post-treatment. Co-treatment of cells with curcumin nanomicelles: Gal had a synergistic effect in C26 (at 10:1 molar ratio), and Caco-2 (at 1:5 molar ratio) cell lines in cell cultures. Nanomicellar curcumin showed strong and mild synergistic inhibitory effects in C26 cells when co-administered with Doxil and cisplatin, respectively.ConclusionCurcumin nanomicelles and Gal had a synergistic effect in C26 and Caco-2 cell lines. It is speculated that nanomicellar curcumin shows synergistic cancer cell killing if administered 24-hr post-injection of Doxil and cisplatin.Keywords: Nanomicellar curcumin, Galbanic acid, Doxil, Cisplatin, Combination therapy, Synergism
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BackgroundThe excessive use of pesticides for crops by farmers, their destructive effects on beneficial organisms, such as bees, have become a big problem today. This study was designed to find out if the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the honey be affected by diazinon.MethodsSix hives were purchased, 3 hives in Bandar-Abbas and remaining were considered for Meshkinshahr. Plants around the hive were sprayed with diazinon at a concentration of 2/1000. Sampling took place 15d after spraying, and diazinon residue was measured by the HP TLC. The study was conducted in 2017–2018.ResultsThe amount of diazinon residue in honey and honey bee was measured and compared with existing studies. The amount of diazinon residue in honey bee was found to be 0.017mg/kg in Bandar Abbas, and 0.005mg/kg in Meshkinshahr hives. There was nothing in honey.ConclusionHoney is safe for consumers.Keywords: Honey, Apis mellifera, Diazinon reside, HP TLC
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BackgroundMosquito-borne arboviruses such as West Nile, dengue, Rift Valley fever, and Sindbis viruses and the nematode Dirofilaria are reported in Iran, but there is little information on the seasonal activity of their vectors in the country. We aimed to determine the seasonal activity of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a focus of diro filariasis and West Nile infection in Guilan Province, northern Iran.MethodsCollections were carried out using light traps in seven counties at least two times from random sites and every two weeks from a fixed site (Pareh Village, Rudbar County) during Aug–Dec 2015 and Apr–Oct 2016.ResultsOverall, 16357 adult mosquitoes comprising 18 species representing seven genera were identified. The most prevalent species were Cx. theileri (23.59%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (20.75%), Cx. pipiens (19.37%), Ae. vexans (18.18%), An. pseudopictus (10.92%) and An. maculipennis s.l. (5.48%). Aedes pulcritarsis and Cx. perexiguus were found for the first time in Guilan Province. The active season of adult mosquitoes extended from early May to early Oct in the fixed site. There was no significant regression between the abundance of adult mosquitoes and the meteor ological data during active season in the fixed site (P> 0.05, R2= 0.31).ConclusionThough no significant regression between the abundance of mosquitoes and the meteorological data was observed during active season, temperature and rice fields had a great influence in starting and ending active season in the region.Keywords: Dirofilaria, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae, Vectors, Iran
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BackgroundOne of the recognized symptoms of phototherapy in neonates is hypocalcemia and hypercalciuria, and its etiology has not been identified yet. The present study investigated the recurrence of hypercalciuria among neonates with jaundice treated with phototherapy.MethodsThis cross-sectional diagnostic examination was conducted on 100 newborns with jaundice treated with phototherapy in Ali-ibn-Abi-Talib hospital in Zahedan, Iran, during 2013 and 2014. In the present study, the subjects were collected in an accessible way after agreement and considering exclusion criteria. Calcium and creatinine (Ca/Cr) proportion in urinary tests of the neonates was estimated at the baseline and 24 h after the onset of phototherapy. The information was analyzed utilizing paired t-test.ResultsThe mean of gestational age was 38.5±2.5 weeks. Out of 100 cases, 53 newborns (53%) were male and 47 (47%) were female. The mean scores of birth weight was 2.52±0.59 kg and neonatal serum bilirubin level was 16.5±0.92 mg/dl. Ca/Cr ratios in neonates with jaundice were 0.28±0.21 and 0.40±0.34 before and after the phototherapy, respectively. Regarding that, the increase in Ca/Cr ratio was statistically significant (P<0.001). Hypercalciuria was not observed in the neonates before the phototherapy; however, it was noticed in 13 neonates after the phototherapy. Ca/Cr ratios in neonates with hypercalciuria and other newborns were 1.16±0.19 and 0.29±0.18, respectively. Furthermore, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001).ConclusionBased on the results of this study, it was suggested that the neonates undergoing the phototherapy were at risk of hypercalciuria and the increased amount of urinary calcium excretion by means of phototherapyKeywords: Hypercalciuria, Jaundice, Phototherapy
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BackgroundAnopheles stephensi is a key urban malaria vector in the Indian subcontinent and Middle East includ ing south and southeast of Iran. Wide application of insecticides resulted in resistance of this species to various insec ticides in these regions. This study was conducted to reveal the role of metabolic mechanisms in the development of resistance in An. stephensi to DDT and cyfluthrin.MethodsField mosquito specimens were collected from Chabahar Seaport, southeast corner of Iran, in 2015. Insec ticide susceptibility and enzyme assays were conducted as recommended by WHO.ResultsMean enzyme ratios were 3.95 and 3.04 for α- esterases and 2.40 and 1.97 for β- esterases in the DDT and cyfluthrin- resistant populations correspondingly compared with the susceptible strain. The GSTs enzyme mean ac tivity ratios were 5.07 and 2.55 in the DDT and cyfluthrin- resistant populations compared with the susceptible beech strain. The cytochrome p450s enzyme ratios were 1.11 and 1.28 in the DDT and cyfluthrin- resistant populations respectively compared with the susceptible beech strain.ConclusionMetabolic mechanisms play a crucial role in the development of DDT and cyfluthrin resistance in An. stephensi, therefore, further evaluation of the mechanisms involved as well as implementation of proper insecticide resistance management strategies are recommended.Keywords: Anopheles stephensi, Insecticide, Resistance mechanisms, Malaria
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BackgroundMalaria continues to be a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran. The endemic foci of the dis ease are mainly located in south-eastern part of the country. Iran is now launching the elimination of malaria. Studies on the bioecology and susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticide are essential in this phase.MethodsThe literature on bio-ecology of Anopheles superpictus s.l. Grassi was reviewed in Iran in more than half a century. Different aspects including, distribution, key identification, larval habitats, flight range, seasonal activities, irritability/susceptibility to insecticides, and anthropophilicity index were identified.ResultsThe adult females of An. superpictus s.l. were susceptible to all WHO-recommended imagicides except DDT. Distribution, morphology, sibling species, larval habitat, flight range, Irritability tests, sustainability index, blood feed ing preference and related factors were discussed in detailsConclusionResults of the evaluating will help for decision making of authorities for vector control.Keywords: Anopheles superpictus s.l., Ecology, Biology, Insecticide resistance, Iran
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BackgroundSince ticks are potent vectors of various diseases, identification of these species are clinically important to protect the public health and control veterinary problems in the communities. We aimed to figure out the frequency of ticks on cows, goats, sheep, lambs, turtles and also obscure hosts in Kurdistan Province, bordered with Iraq June 2012 to May 2013.MethodsThe hosts were selected randomly and examined individually for tick infestation. In case of infestation, ticks were collected using forceps and then preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. All collected specimens were preserved in tubes and relative information was recorded and then identified based on morphological characteristics.ResultsTotally, 1209 ticks were collected. The prevalence of ticks on cows, sheep, goats, lambs, turtles, poultry and obscure hosts was 11.33%, 55.41%, 6.53%, 5.95%, 0.9%, 8.02% and 11.82% respectively. The mean number of ticks on each animal was 1.6. Number of 5 genera, including Rhipicephalus, Argas, Ornithodoros, Hyalomma and Haem aphysalis and 9 species; including R. sanguineus (60.05%), R. bursa (0.08), Hy. anatolicum (12.33), Hy. asiaticum (1.49), Hy. aegyptium (0.91), Hy. marginatum (0.08), Haemaphysalis parva (4.22), Hyalomma sp. (0.99), Orni thodoros lahorensis (11.83), and Argas persicus (8.02) were identified.ConclusionThe most abundant species in this study area was Rh. sanguineus (60.05%). Due to high prevalence of tick specimens and a variety of collected species from sheep (55.41%), the vaccination of sheep and control of tick vectors are recommended.Keywords: Tick, Ruminants, Turtle, Iran
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BackgroundDuring recent years transmission of Dirofilaria immitis (dog heart worm) by Culex pipiens and West Nile virus have been reported from Iran. The present study was preformed for evaluating the susceptibility status of Cx. pipiens collected from capital city of Tehran, Iran.MethodsFour Insecticides including: DDT 4%, Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, Deltamethrin 0.05% and Cyfluthrin 0.15 % according to WHO standard methods were used for evaluating the susceptibility status of Cx. pipiens from Tehran moreover For comparison susceptibility status a Laboratory strain also was used. Bioassay data were analyzed using Probit program. The lethal time for 50% and 90% mortality (LT50 and LT90) values were calculated from regression line.ResultsThe susceptibility status of lab strain of Cx. pipiens revealed that it is susceptible to Lambdacyhalothrin, Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin and resistant to DDT. Moreover cyfluthrin with LT50=36 seconds and DDT with LT50=3005 seconds had the least and most LT50s. Field population was resistance to all tested insecticides and DDT yielded no mortality.ConclusionHighly resistance level against all WHO recommended imagicides were detected in field populations. We suggest more biochemical and molecular investigations to detect resistance mechanisms in the field population for further decision of vector control.Keywords: Susceptibility status, Culex pipiens, Tehran
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BackgroundAnopheles mosquitoes are an important group of arthropods due to their role in transmission of malaria. The present study was conducted for determination of susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi to different imagicides collected from malarious area in Chabahar city, Iran.MethodsIn the present study seven insecticides including: DDT 4%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and etofenprox 0.5% were tested based on WHO method. Regression line was plotted for each insecticide using mortality of different exposure times. Bioassay data were analyzed using Probit software and the lethal time for 50% and 90% mortality (LT50 and LT90) values were calculated.ResultsThe susceptibility levels of field strain of An. stephensi to the discriminative dose of different imagicides were determined 100, 98, 96, 89, 82 and 62% for etofenprox, permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and DDT, respectively. Our finding indicated that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT, lambdacyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, and susceptible to etofenprox and permethrin and candidate of resistant to deltamethrin based on WHO criteria.ConclusionOur findings indicated that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT and some pyrethroid insecticides which can be developed due to application of insecticides in health and agriculture. These results can provide a clue for future chemical control program in the study area.Keywords: Susceptibility test, Anopheles stephensi, Chabahar, Pyrethroid resistance
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BackgroundZoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Iran. Wild Rodents play as a reservoir. The main aim of this study was to determine spatial analyses of the relationship between rodents active burrows and Incidence of ZCL in Golestan Province, north east of Iran.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted in 59 rural districts in Golestan Province. Spatial distribution of rodents active burrows, human cases of ZCL and Incidence of disease were collected, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The relationship of them were analyzed by Sperman test, SPSS software version No.13.ResultsThe most number of rodents active burrows, human positive cases (100 persons) and high Incidence of disease (35/1000) were observed in Korand rural district of Gonbad-e Kavoos County. There was significant correlation between the number of rodents active burrows with Incidence rate of disease (0.470, PConclusionVicinity of wild rodents burrows to villages plays an important role in transmission of ZCL to humans.Keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis, rodent burrows, spatial analysis, Golestan, Iran
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BackgroundMalaria is still a health problem in Iran. There are several vector control activities, including Indoor Residual spraying, using insecticide treated nets and larviciding including Temephos. In addition nuisance mosquitos are prevalent in the urban areas. So that evaluation of this species to larvicide will provide a clue for management of vector control activities.MethodsTwo mosquito species were used in this study: Anopheles stephensi were collected from Kazeroun and Culex pipiens from Tehran, capital of Iran. All the tests were carried out according to the WHO method. All the test kis was provided by WHO.ResultsResults showed a LC50= 0.0523 and LC90=0.3822 mg/l for An. stephensi. The figure for Cx. pipiens was 0.1838 and 0.8505 mg/l respectively.Conclusionsmonitoring of insecticide resistance to Temephos should be evaluated regularly for management of vector control.Keywords: Temephos, Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens, Evaluation, Efficacy
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BackgroundVesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common childhood disorder that is characterized by the abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into the ureters or kidneys..ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether the genetic polymorphisms of the IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α genes are involved in the development of VUR..
Patients andMethodsThe tetra amplification mutation refractory system-polymerase chain reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) was applied to analyze the four polymorphic sites of the IL-10AG-1082, IL-10CA597, IL-12CA1188, and TNF308GA genes in 124 VUR children and 110 healthy controls..ResultsA significant, highly increased risk of VUR disease was found for the CA, AA, and combined genotypes of IL-10CA597 (OR = 5.2, 95% CL: 1.80 - 18.25; P = 0.0006, OR = 9.1, 95% CL: 1.11 - 122.75; P = 0.02, OR = 5.3, 95% CL: 1.82 - 18.61; P = 0.00052, respectively); the AG, GG, and AG GG genotypes of IL-10AG-1082 (OR = 12.8, 95% CL; 2.9 - 113.9; P = 0.00003, OR = 12.62, 95% CL: 2.93 - 114.53; P = 0.00003, respectively); and the AA genotype of IL-12 (AA, OR = 0.19, 95% CL: 0.5 - 0.55; P = 0.0006). The frequency of the C allele in both IL-10CA and IL-12CA was greater in patients with VUR than in the healthy controls. No association was found between TNF308GA and the risk of VUR..ConclusionsThe results demonstrated significant associations between the IL-10 (AG-1089, IL-10CA) and IL-12 (AA) gene polymorphisms and a highly increased risk of VUR..Keywords: VUR, Polymorphism, IL, 10, IL, 12, TNF, α -
BackgroundCrimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a feverous and hemorrhagic disease endemic in some parts of Iran and caused by an arbovirus related to Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirusgenus. The main virus reservoir in the nature is ticks, however small vertebrates and a wide range of domestic and wild animals are regarded as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the infection rate of CCHF virus in hard ticks of Sarpole-Zahab County, Kermanshah province, west of Iran.MethodsFrom total number of 851 collected ticks from 8 villages, 131 ticks were selected randomlyand investigated for detection of CCHF virus using RT-PCR.ResultsThe virus was found in 3.8% of the tested ticks. Hyalommaanatolicum, H.asiaticum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus species were found to have viral infection, with the highest infection rate (11.11%) in Rh. sanguineus.ConclusionThese findings provide epidemiological evidence for planning control strategies of the disease in the study area.Keywords: Ixodidae, CCHFV, Kermanshah, Iran
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BackgroundThe irritant effect of some insecticides can cause a proportion of mosquitoes to leave the sprayed rooms before acquiring a lethal dose, so the repeated contact al sub-lethal dose may lead to extent the resistance.MethodsLarvae and pupae of Culex pipiens complex were collected in mass from open canals of waste water in capital city Tehran and reared to obtain the first generation at laboratory. Sugar-fed 2–3 days female mosquitoes were used for the experiments and compared with laboratory strain. The irritability tests of insecticides impregnated papers were measured in plastic conical exposure chambers placed which implemented at controlled conditions according to the method described by WHO. Number of take-offs were counted during 15 minutes of exposure time.ResultsDDT had the most irritancy effect against field population of Cx. pipiens. DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin was moderately irritable against laboratory strain, whereas, addition to three previous insecticides, malathion, cyfluthrin and propoxur should be also considered as moderately irritable insecticides for field population of. Irritability level of etofenprox, fenithrothion, bendiocarb, and lambdacyhalothrin did not differ from control group.ConclusionThe irritability response of mosquitoes may have a negative impact on control measures. Periodical execution of irritability tests with insecticides that routinely used in vector control program is highly recommended.Keywords: Irritability, Insecticides, Culex pipiens, Tehran, Iran
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BackgroundThe widespread use of chemical insecticides, resistance in vectors and environmental problems, all have led to an increased interest in the use of biological agents in malaria control programs. The most important functional elements are the native fish. The aim of this study was to identify the native species of lavivorous fish in Rudan County, southern Iran, to introduce an effective species and to propose its’ implementation in the national malaria control program.MethodsThis ecologically descriptive study was conducted during 2011-2012 using random sampling from different fish habitats of Rudan County. The shoals of fish were caught using fishing net. Fish samples were then identified in the Ichthyology lab, Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Hormozgan University.ResultsThree species of larvivorous fish were identified as follows: Gambusia holbrooki, Aphaniusdispar dispar and Aphanius sp. The latter species has the most distribution in the study area and needs more morphological and molecular studies for identification at the species level.ConclusionTwo species of native fish, i.e., A. dispar and A. sp. with larvivorous potential live in the area. Further studies on their predatory property are recommended in order to apply this local potential against malaria vectors in the area.Keywords: Malaria, Biological control, Larvivorous fish, Aphanius, Iran
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سابقه و هدفدر ایران بیماری های مهم لیشمانیوز جلدی و تب پاپاتاسی توسط پشه خاکی ها انتقال می یابند. شناسایی گونه های مختلف پشه خاکی ها و نوسانات فصلی آن ها در استان خراسان جنوبی از ضروریات برنامه های مبارزه با ناقلین در این استان می باشد. لذا این مطالعه به منظور تعیین فون پشه خاکی های استان خراسان جنوبی انجام گردید.مواد و روش هادر این پژوهش هفت شهرستان استان خراسان جنوبی در ماه های اردیبهشت، خرداد، تیر و مرداد سال 1391 مورد نمونه برداری قرار گرفتند. جمع آوری پشه خاکی ها به روش تله گذاری (تله چسبان) انجام گرفت و پس از شناسایی گونه ها، فعالیت ماهیانه و فرکانس حضور گونه ها در سطح استان بررسی شد.یافته هادر این مطالعه از مجموع 1294 نمونه جمع آوری شده از شهرستان های استان خراسان جنوبی، 171 عدد پشه خاکی شناسایی شدند. گونه های شناسایی شده به دو جنس Sergentomyia و Phlebotomu تعلق داشتند که شامل Phlebotomus sergenti s.l.، Ph. papatasi، Sergentomyia sintoni و S. dentate بودند. گونه فلبوتوموس سرژنتی که ناقل اصلی لیشمانیوز جلدی شهری در ایران است، به عنوان گونه غالب در این استان شناسایی شد. بیش ترین فراوانی فلبوتوموس سرژنتی در شهرستان درمیان با 2/29 درصد و کمترین فراوانی آن در شهرستان بشرویه با 1 درصد بود.استنتاجبراساس نتایج به دست آمده گونه های شناسایی شده در این مطالعه جزو ناقلین بیماری لیشمانیوز جلدی می باشند. هم چنین با توجه به غالب بودن گونه ناقل فلبوتوموس سرژنتی و حضور این گونه در تمام مناطق مورد مطالعه خصوصا در تیرماه، سیستم بهداشتی استان باید مراقبت های لازم در مورد لیشمانیوز جلدی شهری را انجام دهد.
کلید واژگان: پشه خاکی، لیشمانیوز جلدی، فون، خراسان جنوبیBackground andPurposeSand flies are widespread in Iran and are vectors of leishmaniasis and pappatci fever in most parts of the country including Southern Khorasan Province. Faunistic and ecological studies of these flies are necessary in order to implement proper vector control programs. This research was conducted to determine the sand flies fauna in Southern Khorasan province.Materials And MethodsSand fly specimens were collected from seven cities in Southern Khorasan province during May to August 2012 using sticky paper traps. The specimens were identified and their monthly activity and frequency in the province were measured.ResultsIn this study, a total of 1294 insect specimens was collected of which 171 sand flies were identified. Species belonged to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera including four species: Phlebotomus sergenti s.l., Ph. papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni and S. dentata. Phlebotomus sergenti s.l. was the dominant species in this study which is also the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. The most and the least abundances were observed in Darmian (29.2%) and Boshrooye cities (1%), respectively.ConclusionAccording to the results, two vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis were found to be active in studied area. Ph. sergenti s.l. was the dominant species in all study areas with relatively high frequency especially in July. Therefore, the health system of the province should be aware of the potential of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in these areas.Keywords: Sand flies, cutaneous leishmaniasis, fauna, Southern Khorasan -
IntroductionNephrin and podocin proteins, encoded by NPHS1 and NPHS2 genes, are essential for the integrity of the glomerular filter. The present study was aimed to investigate whether NPHS1 rs437168 and NPHS2 rs61747728 genetic variants are involved in the susceptibility to nephrotic syndrome (NS).Materials And MethodsThis case-control study was performed on 108 children with NS and 97 healthy children. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the salting-out method. Polymorphism of the NPHS1 rs437168 and NPHS2 rs61747728 were detected by amplification refractory mutation system- and tetra primers amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction, respectively.ResultsThe results showed that the NPHS1 rs437168 GA as well as GA+AA genotypes increased the risk of NS in comparison with GG genotype (odds ratio, 4.76, 95% confidence interval, 2.31 to 9.80; P <. 001 and odds ratio, 4.57; 95% confidence interval, 2.31 to 9.04,; P <. 001, respectively). The A allele was associated with increased risk of NS (odds ratio, 3.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.94 to 6.42,; P <. 001) in comparison to the G allele. No association was observed between NPHS2 rs61747728 polymorphism and NS.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that NPHS1 rs437168, but not NPHS2 rs61747728 variant, is associated with NS.
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مقدمهبا ارتقای سطح سلامت، لیشمانیوز جلدی یا سالک نیز روز به روز مهم تر جلوه می کند. حدود 90 درصد موارد سالک جهان در 8 کشور که ایران یکی از آن ها است، دیده می شود. کالاآزار یا فرم احشایی لیشمانیوز در ایران از بیماری های انگلی قابل توجه به حساب می آید و دارای کانون های بومی در مناطقی از ایران می باشد. امروزه توجه به پراکندگی جغرافیایی ناقلین بیماری ها و متعاقب آن نقشه سازی (Mapping) پدیده های اقلیمی و بیماری ها موضوع مورد توجه صاحب نظران است. در مقاله حاضر بدون تاکید ویژه بر ارایه مطالب علمی انگل شناسی و حشره شناسی پزشکی سعی شد نقشه های کاملی از یافته های متخصصین فوق ارایه گردد.روشداده های مربوط به بیماری های کشور از واحدهای مبارزه با بیماری های وزارت بهداشت در دو مقطع (سال 1379 و 1387) اخذ گردید و میزان شیوع یا بروز بیماری بر حسب نیاز محاسبه شده توسط نرم افزار ArcGIS نسخه 9/3 ذخیره سازی، پردازش و نقشه سازی شد.یافته هانقشه پراکندگی بیماری ها و ناقلین و مخازن لیشمانیوزهای ایران طبق مقالات معتبری که به چاپ رسیده اند، تهیه و در قالب یک مرور کلی ارایه شد تا مورد مطالعه علاقمندان قرار گیرد.نتیجه گیریچنین به نظر می رسد که بیماری لیشمانیوز جلدی در مراتع و مناطق بیابانی و نیمه بیابانی و دور از ارتفاعات اصلی کشور و در سلسله کوه های زاگرس و البرز بیشتر دیده می شود. احتمال می رود که بروز لیشمانیوز احشایی در سگ های استان اردبیل با میزان بارندگی، دما و ارتفاع ارتباط دارد. آن چه در نقشه های به دست آمده می تواند قابل توجه محققین قرار گیرد، فضاهای خالی موجود در نقشه ها است که فضای تحقیق را برای پژوهشگران ایجاد می کند؛ چرا که عدم گزارش از یک منطقه به معنی عدم وجود ناقل (یا حتی بیماری) نیست و می تواند به معنی اجرا نشدن تحقیقات کافی باشد.
کلید واژگان: پاتولوژی جغرافیایی، نقشه سازی، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، لیشمانیوز، ایرانBackground and AimsDespite improvements in public health in Iran, cutaneous leishmaniasis has become a growing health issue. About 90% of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in 8 countries including Iran. Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis, as an important parasitic disease, is endemic in some areas of Iran. Mapping the distribution of parasitic diseases and determining their relations to geographic factors are increasing in importance for experts. This study was carried out to provide distribution maps of the geographical pathology of leishmaniasis in Iran with no emphasis on medical entomology or parasitology.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed and the data and/or metadata were used for evaluation of findings. Data of leishmaniasis were obtained from the Iran Center for Diseases Control, in the Ministry of Health in 2002 and 2009. Incidence or prevalence of the diseases and also scientific names of vectors and reservoirs with collection details were arranged as a shapefile in ArcGIS software and were mapped.ResultsDistribution maps of the diseases, host reservoirs, and vectors are provided as a systematic review.ConclusionIt seems that zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is mostly observed in desert and semi-desert habitats far from Alborz and Zagros mountainous areas. Visceral leishmaniasis in dogs may be related to precipitation, temperature, and elevation in Ardebil Province, Iran. There are some gaps in distribution maps which represent future study opportunities for scholars as this lack of data does not signify the lack of prevalence of the disease but the lack of studies in these areas.Keywords: Geographical pathology, Geographic information system (GIS), Mapping, Leishmaniasis, Iran -
BackgroundFemale sand flies of subgenus Adlerius are considered as probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological and genotypic variations in the populations of this subgenus in the country.MethodsSand flies collected using sticky traps from 17 provinces during 2008–2010. The morphometric measurements were conducted with a Ocular Micrometer. Data was analyzed by SPSS. The Cytb gene was used to estimate population genetic diversity and identify the female specimens. UPGMA phenetic tree was used for DNA haplotypes of Cytb gene.ResultsSix species of subgenus Adlerius identified from which one species, P. (Adlerius) kabulensis, is new record. The identification key is provided for males. Results revealed the molecular systematic in the species of subgenus Adlerius and determine the relationship of three females of P. comatus, P. balcanicus and P. halepensis.ConclusionThe positions of three females and the males in the UPGMA tree are correct and the similarities among them confirm our results. The branches of each species are not genetically distinct which justify the overlapping morphological characters among them. Molecular sequencing of Cytb-mtDNA haplotypes can be used for female identification for different species of subgenus Adlerius in Iran.
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BackgroundMalaria is an endemic infectious disease in southeastern parts of Iran. Despite years of efforts and intervention programs against malaria, transmission still occurs in Jask County.MethodsThe epidemiological perspective of malaria in Jask County was conducted by gathering data from Jask County health center, during 2006–2010. A knowledge, attitude and practice study was also carried out. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 11.5.ResultsA total of 2875 malaria cases were recorded, with highest and lowest numbers in 2007 and 2010, respectively. The number of cases had a decreasing trend from 1022 cases in 2006 to 114 cases in 2010. The main causative parasitic agent was Plasmodium vivax. Blood examination rate and slide positive rate were also decreased from 39.5% and 4.3% in 2006 to 15.6% and 1.4% in 2010, respectively. Most of people interviewed in the KAP study had a good knowledge about malaria transmission and symptoms but their use of the bed net for prevention was low (35%).ConclusionMalaria incidence had significant reduction during the study years. The main reason for this may be due to changing environmental condition for Anopheline breeding and survival because of drought. Another reason may be integration of vector management by using long lasting insecticide treated bed nets, active case detection and treatment by implementation of mobile teams and increasing in financial sources of malaria control program. Knowledge, attitude and practice of people were good in malaria control and prevention, but needs to do more activities for health education and awareness.
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BackgroundMalaria is still a public health problem in the world. One of the main objectives of World Health organization is capacity building of authorities who are involved with malaria control activities.MethodsThe first course was conducted in 1996 in Bandar Abbas Training center. The course was conducted jointly by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, WHO-EMRO and School of Public health, Tehran university of Medical Sciences. In year 2002, Iran has been designated as WHO regional Malaria Training Center. Prior to initiate the course, pre-test evaluations including 11 subjects were carried out. The examinations include multiple choice questions. Different methods of teaching including lecture, laboratory, workshop, team work, field exercise and presentation were used. The duration of the course was 9 weeks. A total of 360 contact hours were taught. The main subjects were Basic epidemiology and Simple Statistics, Malaria Parasitology, Malaria disease Management, Malaria Entomology, Vector Control, Epidemiological approach, Filed work and Planning.The requirement for achievement of the course was to have at least 60% of the total mark for awarding the diploma certificate. The 13th course was conducted by the financial support of Islamic Development Bank (IDB).ResultsA total of 300 participants from 26 different countries have been graduated from these courses so far.ConclusionThis course is providing the skill for decision making, how to combat against malaria in their country and is parallel to the policy of the malaria control for capacity building in malarious areas of the world.
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BackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) represents the most frequent vector borne parasitoses in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological features of CL including human infection and the reservoir host in the city of Bushehr, Bushehr Province, Iran during 2010–2011.MethodsStudies on human infection was carried out on 2962 school children aged 7–14 years old from 60 primary schools and among 400 households with a total population of 1568 in four infected districts of the city in December 2010. Serosity materials from patients on glass slides were collected for molecular identification of causative agent. Rodents were caught by Sherman traps and examined for identification of the parasite.ResultsPrevalence of scars and ulcers among the inhabitants were 5.86% and 0.12% respectively. Molecular study indicated the presence of two coexisting species: Leishmania major and L. tropica among patients. The scar rate was 1.24% but no ulcers were seen among the students. Nineteen rodents were caught and identified as Tatera indica (47.4%) and Rattus norvegicus (52.6%). Specimens from 7 T. indica and 9 R. norvegicus were examined by two techniques, microscopic examination and nested-PCR. Out of 7 T. indica, 14.3% were infected with L. major and 42.9% with L. turanica by nested-PCR. Out of 9 R. norvegicus 22.2% were infected with L. turanica and 11.1% with L. gerbilli.ConclusionBased on this survey L. major and L. tropica are the causative agents of the disease among patients and T. indica plays a predominant role in the dissemination of L. major in the city.
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Wound or traumatic Myiasis is the infestation of animal and human orifices or wounds by dipterous larvae. It is more common in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Chrysomya bezziana is a major agent of wound myiasis throughout the tropical regions of the Old World. In Iran many cases of human myiasis due to C. bezziana were reported from south and south-east of country.This study reports a case of wound myiasis in a 3-year-old pharyngostomized girl who referred to the Pediatric Hospital in Bandar Abbas for pharyngological follow-up. During the examination, several live and mobile larvae were removed from the lesion. The patient received antibiotics and then transferred to pediatric ward for respiratory care. The specimens were identified as C. bezziana according to the morphological characters of fully grown larvae.This is the first report of the pharyngostomy wound myiasis caused by C. bezziana in Iran.This finding also confirms the results of previous studies indicating the occurrence of the Old World screwworm fly, C. bezziana as a causative agent of human myiasis in the south of Iran.
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BackgroundSand flies of subgenus Adlerius has a wide geographical distribution in Iran and are mostly found in wild form in mountainous areas. They are always considered as probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to determine the Adlerius species and its composition in an endemic focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in northwest of the country.MethodsSand flies were collected from 6 different areas of Azarbaijan-e-Sharqi Province using sticky paper traps from August to September which is active season for sand flies in this area, in 2009. The flies were mounted and identified. The length of third antennal segments, ascoid, labrum, coxite, surstyle, style, aedeagus, genital filament, genital pump, width of style, and the end of aedeagus were measured and the number of costal hairs group was also counted as the morphological characters.ResultsA total of 30 adult sand flies, (26 males and 4 females) including Phlebotomus halepensis (46.8%), P. longiductus (13.3%), P. balcanicus (23.3%), P. comatus (3.3%), and Adlerius spp. (13.3%) belong to subgenus Adlerius were identified respectively in 6 counties. One P. comatus male was captured in front of a cave located in the hillside of a mountain covered with the vegetation in Varzeqan area.ConclusionThe presence of at least 5 species of the subgenus Adlerius in Azarbaijan-e-Sharqi Province, an endemic focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran, shows that the risk of parasite transmission among man and reservoir animals is high during the active season of sand flies. P. comatus is a new record for Iran and needs to be added to the list of Iranian phlebotomines of subgenus Adlerius.
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