e. alizadeh

Grape, Vitis vinifera L. is one the most important economic and major global crop. Grape production is aimed at various markets, namely, table grapes for fresh consumption and processed grapes that are dried into raisins or pressed for grape juice. The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana Denis and Schiffermuller, (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the major pest of grape in Iran and worldwide. Larvae of the first generation feed on bud clusters and flowers, whereas larvae of the subsequent generations feed exclusively on ripening and ripe berries and causes considerable yield losses. One L. botrana larva is capable of damaging between 2 and 10 berries, depending on the cultivar and the grape phenology. L. botrana is a multivoltine species with three to four generations per year. The focus of the control methods against this pest in our country is the use of insecticides. In Iran, three insecticides azinphos-methyl, diazinon and phosalone (all registered in 1968) were previously registered to control this pest. However, azinphos-methyl and diazinon have been now phased out from the list of authorized pesticides. Therefore, registration of the new active ingredient of insecticides with novel mode of action is very important. Methoxyfenozide is one of the most effective of the non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist insecticides that has been commercialized and used against Lepidoptera species globally. Its mode of action is based on their capacity to induce a premature and incomplete moulting and susceptible insects die from desiccation and starvation. In addition, methoxyfenozide have a high safety profile against natural enemies of pests. Accordingly, methoxyfenozide is compatible in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. In directions to register new pesticides and diversify the pesticide basket in our country, the current research was done to evaluate the field efficacy of methoxyfenozide (SC24%), in comparison with spinosad (SC24%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Lufox® (Lufenuron+Fenoxycarb, EC10.5%).

 The project was performed against the second and third generations, based on a completely randomized design with three replicates in Dizaj Dol (Urmia West Azarbaijan), Khalil Abad (Kashmar, Khorasan Razavi) and Dehnok (Takestan, Qazvin). The efficacy of the treatments was done based on the damaged bunches. To do this, at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment, the total bunches of each treatments firstly were counted and then the rate of damaged bunches were evaluated. The experimental treatments were: 1) methoxyfenozide (0.5 ml/L); 2) methoxyfenozide (0.75 ml/L); 3) spinosad 4) Lufox; 5) Bt and 6) control. The control treatment was sprayed by water only. Applications were made according to pheromone trap captures of males. In each treatment, 50-90 randomly selected bunches (from five treated plant) were collected and carefully examined for damage caused by L. botrana. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS software (ver. 9.1). One row was considered as the distance between the experimental units.

The combine analysis of variance showed that interaction of treatment×location was significant, meaning that the experimental treatments had different responds in different locations. Accordingly, the data were statistically analyzed based on this. Moreover, the results of the factorial statistical analysis indicated that the effect of generation and the interaction between generation and location were not significant. Thus, in this article only the results of the second generation are provided. The results showed that in all cases, methoxyfenozide has acceptable efficacy at 14 and 21 days of post treatment. Therefore, no notable expectation of methoxyfenozide, in term of efficacy, should be expected until one week after spraying. The observed delayed toxicity of methoxyfenozide is consistence with previous reports and it is due to unique mode of action being moulting hormone agonist which induce premature moulting leading to death. It is necessary to note that there was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of methoxyfenozide with Spinozad and Lufox during the mentioned period. For example, in Urmia methoxyfenozide (0.75 ml/L) exhibited 78.72% efficacy (at 14 days of post treatment, which was not statistically significant with spinosad (80.63%) and Lufox (81.04%). In conclusion, our results showed that methoxyfenozide exhibited acceptable efficacy against Lobesia botrana, required for registration in Iran. However, since the both methoxyfenozide concentrations (0.75 and 0.5 ml/L) had the same efficiency and considering the low-input of pesticides to the environment, it is recommended to use the application rate of 0.5 ml/L against this pest.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, grows in Mediterranean countries, North Africa, South Europe, Afghanistan and Iran. The sumac berries contain biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic. The present study examined the effects of water extract of sumac on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets during storage at 4๐C. Treatments in the present study included the following: Control without extract of sumac, 1, 2.5 and 5 % (w/v) the water extract of sumac. After 18 days of storage, the results showed that the lowest total viable count (TVC) (7.34 log 10 cfu g-1), psychrophilic total counts (PTC) (7.21 log 10 cfu g-1), pH (6.43), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) (23.38 mg N 100g-1), Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (1.66 mg MDA kg-1) and peroxide value (PV) (5.28 meq kg-1) were recorded in 5% sumac water extract treated samples, while the highest TVC (9.01 log 10 cfu g-1), PTC (8.97 log 10 cfu g-1), pH (7.15), TVB-N (38.71 mg N 100g-1), TBA (2.82 mg MDA kg-1) and PV (9.41 mEq kg-1) occurred in the control group. The best outcome of sensory evaluation was acquired in samples that treated with 5% sumac water extract and was significantly different (p≤0/05), when compared to the control group after 18 days of storage. Natural preservatives such as sumac extract can be used as a safe method for storage of silver carp fillets, which is quite promising for food industry.

Carp, as one of the freshwater fish species, has been one of the most widely cultured species all over the world due to its fast growth rate, easy cultivation, high feed efficiency ratio as well as high nutritional value. Spoilage is the degradation of food such that the food becomes unfit for human consumption. Among the various foods, fresh fish are highly perishable. Fish spoilage can be caused by a number of means, autolytic enzymatic, lipid oxidation and microbial which results in numerous undesirable metabolites being produced in the food that cause unwanted flavors and odors. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and is responsible for a wide range of human infections and food poisoning. In recent years, despite the use of antibiotics, diseases and deaths from food-borne diseases have increased due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. As a result, the use of alternative methods to prevent the growth of microorganisms and limit the increase in their resistance seems necessary. Using plant extracts that inhibit their growth can be effective and safe alternatives to fight pathogens, especially those associated with food-borne diseases. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) is an important medicinal plant and its leaves and seeds have been used in various illnesses. This plant is widely distributed throughout the world and mainly found on the Asia. Fenugreek seeds contain active ingredients such as flavonoids, fiber, amino acids, hepatoprotective protection against free radicals, and protection against breast and colon cancer. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed on growth of Staphylococcus aureus inoculated (10 3 CFU/g) in Cyprinus carpio fillet during storage in refrigerator (4˚C).

The fresh Common carp (Cyprrinus carpio) with average weight of 900 ± 50 g and average length of 30 cm were purchased from market (Zabol, South east of Iran) and transported in isothermal iceboxes to the fish product processing laboratory at University of Zabol. The fish were cleaned and filleted manually using a sterile scalp. Maximum acceptable concentration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed on the organoleptic properties of fillets was determined according to hedonic method. Fillet samples were randomly inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (10 3(CFU/g) and then aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed were added to fillets according to: Treatement 1 (Ethanolic extract 1%), Treatement 2 (Aqueous extract 1%), Treatement 3 (Ethanolic extract 2.5%), Treatement 4 (Aqueous extract 2.5%), Treatement 5 (Ethanolic extract 4%), Treatement 6 (Aqueous extract 4%) and control (not treated with of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract). Fish fillets individually packed in polyethylene packs and then stored in refrigerator (4˚C) for subsequent quality assessment. Chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N)) and microbial parameters (Staphylococcus aureus count, total viable counts (TVC) and psychrophilic viable count (PTC)) were measured at 0, 72, 144, 216 and 288 hours. All experiments were carried out in triplicate and the results are reported as the mean and standard deviation of these measurements. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS version 22 software. When differences were significant (P<0.05), the mean values were evaluated by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to sensory evaluation.

In this study, the sensory evaluation was carried out to determine the maximum add concentration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed that had no negative effects on the sensory properties of common carp fillet. The results of sensory analysis showed that the overall acceptability of fillets containing 2.5% of aqueous and ethanolic extracts had better organoleptic properties. The growth rate of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly different between treatments and control during the experiment (without of the first 24 hours). All concentrations of extract were effective on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in Cyprinus carpio fillet during storage. The Staphylococcus aureus count decreased with increasing the concentration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed during storage but the Staphylococcus aureus count increased in control. After 216 hours, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was stopped in treatments containing high concentration extract. The 4% concentration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed were inhibited the Staphylococcus aureus growth after 216 and 288 hours respectively. The lowest number of TVC and PTC were observed in the fillet containing 4% of ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed. The shelf life of the control fillets was 216 hours while the treatments of 5 and 6 (4% concentration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed) were acceptable level after 288 hours. The TBA and TVB-N values of fillets gradually increased during storage but this increase was lower in treatments containing extract. The fillet containing 4% of ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed has lowest TBA and TVB-N values at the end of storage. Increasing the shelf life of fillets containing Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract can be due to the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of this plant seed.Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract is rich in polyphenolic flavonoids, which has antioxidant activity and can protect cellular structures from oxidative damage.

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed have been investigated as natural antimicrobial agents for food preservation. Based on the present study, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improved the organoleptic properties and decreased the TBA and TVB-N values after treatment. High concentration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed greatly enhanced the shelf life of Cyprinus carpio fillets inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus during refrigerated storage. However, our results showed that ethanolic extract have more antibacterial properties than the aqueous extract and was more effective in slowing down the growth of bacteria. Thus, the use of ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed at concentration of 4% is recommended for increase the shelflife of Cyprinus carpio fillet during storage in refrigerator (4˚C).

The aim of this study was investigate the role of mediator emotional-behavioral problems in relation to the perception of inter-parental conflict and attitude to drug use.

The study is description and Structural Equation Modeling; the population of the study is All high school students of Qods town located in Tehran Province. Sample size is 600 students selected by multistage random sampling. The data were gathered through, perception of inter-parental conflict scale, Youth Self Report Inventory and attitude to drug use scale. In the present study, the criteria for entering the age of 13-17 years and studying in one of the secondary schools of the first or second moderate period and the criteria for the withdrawal of parents' divorce and the death of the father or mother was considered.

The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed the theoretical model of emotional-behavioral problems as a mediator variable in relation to inter-parental conflict and substance abuse from the model was a good fit indices with the data (df/d2χS-B= 2/71, CFI= 0/98 ،GFI=0/94, RMSEA= ،0/049). Also In this model Indirect path between of inter-parental conflict to tend to substance abuse With mediator emotional-behavioral problems significant (t-value= 9/14,β= 0/42) and direct path to conflict between parents tend to use substances not significant Obtained; So it can be said that mediation is a relatively significant. The results obtained from research on trends in drug prevention in schools and related institutions could be fruitful. However, it can be formulated when setting the treatment and therapy, family conflicts and emotional and behavioral problems as a risk factor to be considered and used in clinical interviews.