e. barzegar

The aim of this study was to compare the attachment styles and self-differentiation in parents with tendency to have one child and multiple children. This study had a causal-comparative (ex post facto) design. The research population was comprised of all parents of primary school students in Marvdasht city. Simple random sampling method was utilized and 50 parents with tendency to have one child and 50 parents with tendency to have multiple children were selected. The research instruments included Tendency to Have Children Questionnaire (Enayat & Parnian, 2013), Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and Self-Differentiation Scale (Drake, 2011). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean scores of insecure attachment styles (anxious/avoidant and anxious/ambivalent) was higher in parents with tendency to have one child than parents with tendency to have multiple children, except for secure attachment styles which was higher in parents with tendency to have multiple children. Furthermore, findings indicated that parents with tendency to have one child had higher levels of emotional reactivity and emotional cut-off in comparison with parents with tendency to have multiple children except for I position.

Even accountants had involved to recently widespread corruption and financial scandals occurred for instance in Iran. This issue made a doubt on codes of ethic in accounting profession and therefore it stained accounting firm reputation accordingly. This paper examined an ethic leadership model and its effect on leadership effectiveness in accounting.

This study is a descriptive survey. The statistical community sample included the staff of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Public Hospitals, Shiraz Medical Science Faculty and Shiraz Municipality. Data was gathered by means of questionnaires and analyzed by structured equation modeling method.

The results indicated that the staff’s perception of the leader’s ethics had positive and significant effect on leadership effectiveness. Also, staff expectance and preference for ethical leadership did not moderate the relationship between perceiving leader’s ethical behavior and leader effectiveness. Furthermore, perceived organizational ethical leadership by staff did not moderate the relationship between perceived ethical leader manners and leader effectiveness, as well.

If leaders have ethical behavior, they will be considered as more efficient leaders in the eyes of their superiors and subordinates. Ethical leadership plays an important role in predicting and explaining the effectiveness of the leader. Establishing a relationship between ethical leadership behaviors and leader effectiveness may motivate companies and accounting professionals to pay more attention to ethical leadership behaviors.