e. f

In the recent year، because the increasing growth of water including demands، using limited surface and groundwater resources and، in some regions، conjunctive use have increased. Contemporary with this growth، modeling include simulation and optimization has been developed especially in how to deal with the optimization of pumping groundwater. Operational rules are appropriate tools in water resources planning that estimate the value use from various sources at the previous and present time. In this research، real time operation of different resources and water allocation to the different demands in the Karaj region has been considered. To materialize this objective، genetic algorithm (GA) performance has been compared with the fixed lenght gene genetic programming (FLGGP) to extract mathematical equations without any predefined linear and nonlinear forms considering objective of minimization of the sum of the squared deviation between demand and allocated water. Results indicated that the achieved objective employing the FLGGP is 32. 58 percent smaller (better) than the same value obtained by the GA. Thus، the FLGGP performance and flexibility due to the use of functions and variables in the search space is better than The GA in conjunctive system.

In order to evaluation the effect of Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum on some characteristics of wheat cultivars in pitch stage، an experiment was conducted in the research station of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz، Iran during in 2012-13. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments including of Mycorrhiza fungi in three levels (non application and using strain Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossaae)، Azospirillum lipoferum in two-levels (non-inoculated seeds and inoculated seed and too wheat cultivars in three levels، (Chamran (bread wheat)، Dena and Behrang (durum wheat) varieties. The root and shoots characteristics were meatured in tillering stage. Use of Mycorrhiza fungi compared with control improved Total parameters 3% to 13%. Also with cultivar comparison، in most of measurement treats Chamran was superior to durum cultivars (finally to 23%). In general، the maximum of root volume (2. 18 cm3)، root surface (20. 99 cm2) and root dry weight (0. 13 g) were obtained from inoculation of C. V Chamran seeds with Azospirillum lipoferum and G. mossaae strain. Thus concurrent use of G. mossaae and A. lipoferum have had the greatest impact on growth of wheat root cultivars and caused to additional root growth development in the early stages.

The present study aimed to identify and rank the factors influencing the farmers’ satisfaction of rice crop insurance in Mazandaran Province during the crop year 2011-2012. The required data is obtained through 82 questionnaires completed by selected expert and leading farmers in different townships of Mazandaran. In this study، at first، t-test is used in order to identify factors affecting farmers'' satisfaction of the crop insurance and then Friedman test and analytical hierarchy process approach (AHP) are applied to rank the mentioned factors. The results of t-test show that the premium and supportive facilities، the amount of compensation، the quality of received services، the prestige of Bank-e-Keshavarzi، farmers’ commitment to Bank-e-Keshavarzi، and responding to complaints have affected the rice producers’ satisfaction of the crop insurance. Also، according to Friedman test and AHP technique، premium and supportive facilities and the amount of compensation have the highest priorities، while responding to complaints and the prestige of Bank-e-Keshavarzi have had the lowest ranks. Based on the study results، receiving premium by installments، paying the actual value of losses at the appropriate time، and improving service quality through modifications and diversification in services and human and nonhuman factors should be considered as major priorities to satisfy farmers. Moreover، policyholder participation in bank programs as well as bank accountability would play an important role in farmers'' satisfaction of crop insurance.

In order to study of drought stress on physiological and agronomical characteristics of rapeseed varieties، an experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Yazd region during of 2011-2012. Irrigation treatments was designed in two levels as main plot including irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from evaporation pan، class A (control treatment) and drought stress as withholding irrigation from flowering stage، and varieties lilian، Cooper and Savannah as sub plots. Sampling stages was done 7، 12 and 26 days after treatment. The results indicated that drought stress significantly decreased the stomatal conductivity، relative water content (RWC)، plant height، silique per plant، 1000 grain weight and grain yield، whereas، in comparison with control SPAD value was higher. Lilian indicated the higher stomatal conductivity (196 mmol m-2 s-1) and RWC، silique per plant (300 silique)، 1000 grain weight (4. 06 g) and grain yield (1411 kg. ha-1). In this study، Geometric mean productivity (GMP) and Stress tolerance index (STI) had the high correlation with grain yield in normal and drought stress conditions. Also، Bi-plot diagram based on two principal components indicated that Lilian variety with higher GMP and STI indices in addition with higher GMP and STI both in stress and non stress environment had the highest grain yield.

Protection of vital water resources along with economic considerations has made a major revision in decision making of agricultural systems. Under such circumstances، it is necessary to use efficient planning approaches which allow decision makers to access multiple objectives. Accordingly، the present study applied multi-objective programming، cluster analysis، and compromise programming to develop an optimal cropping pattern providing gross margin maximization and water use minimization in Seidan-Farough Plain، Marvdasht Township. The required data is related to crop year 2010-2011 and collected from 106 [A1] questionnaires using two stage cluster sampling. Considering different combinations of weights for the objective functions، the optimal cropping patterns were presented in three scenarios. All patterns proposed by the model made it possible to increase gross margin and reduce water consumption. Moreover، when the objective weight of minimizing water use across patterns increased، crop combination changed in favor of the crops with lower water requirement. Comparison of current and optimal cropping patterns showed that farmers in both small and large farms had relatively similar performance in achieving the objective of gross margin maximization، while the objective of water use minimization was more successfully provided in large farms than that of small farms which in turn represents more efficient management of water use in large-scale farms. In addition، the tradeoffs between objectives، especially in small farms، indicated that decreasing a certain amount of gross margin would result in a more substantial reduction in water consumption providing farmers with a variety of acceptable options in order to reduce water use.

Salinity tolerance is one of the major factor influencing crop productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. The salinity tolerance of fruit trees can be enhanced through the use of tolerant rootstocks. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress and rootstock on the growth, photosynthetic rate and nutrient concentrations of almond (Prunus dulcis Miller.) cv. “Ferragnes” grown in the soilless culture and controlled environment. Three levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 mM) and two rootstock (GF677, Tuono) was factorially combined in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that the salinity stress had a significant diminish effects on vegetative and physiological characteristics and nutrient concentrations of almond. The severity of the adverse effects of salinity varied among rootstocks. Fresh and dry weights of leaf and root, leaf number and chlorophyll index was increased in F/GF677 at 50 mM salinity level and then decreased compare to that in control, however it was decreased at 100 mM salinity concentration in F/Tuono. Photosynthetic rate, leaf area and K/Na ratio was decreased with increasing salinity in both rootstocks, it became more pronounced in F/Tuono. With increasing NaCl levels, leaf concentrations of N, P, K was decreased and Na concentration was increased in both rootstocks. This results imply that GF677 have a exclusion mechanism such as restrict either the uptake or transport of Na from root to shoot or maintain sufficient level of K, have a higher salt tolerance than Tuono hence, under salinity conditions can be useful salt-tolerant rootstock for different almond cultivars.