f. fathi

The growing virtual water trade globally reflects economic principles associated with international trade, particularly the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. Each nation tends to export products that utilize relatively abundant and inexpensive production factors while importing those that necessitate scarce and costly resources. The strategic use of virtual water in the management of water resources is a critical issue, mainly, considering that a significant portion of Iran experiences arid and semi-arid conditions, leading to severe and increasing water shortages. Among the agricultural products that Iran requires are oilseeds, such as soybean and sunflower, which the country produces and imports in substantial quantities annually.
 
The present study aims to assess the trend of importing virtual water from oilseeds through trade partners and determine the effects of economic and environmental factors influencing their import during 2005-2020, utilizing the generalized gravity model. Economic and trade variables such as the ratio of Iran's GDP to other countries, import tariff ratio, real exchange rate growth, country risk index, distance between countries, and sanctions are considered. Environmental variables such as area under cultivation, access to water, and lack of access to water per capita are also included. The variables related to access and lack of access to water consist of four environmental factors: total water withdrawal, total renewable water, agricultural water withdrawal, and total freshwater volume.
 
The virtual water trading model is considered a scientific model and a practical solution to address the water shortage crisis in countries, especially Iran. In this research, through gravity models, the determinants affecting the volume of oilseed imports to Iran were identified. The variables of the ratio of Iran's GDP to the trading partner country and the access to water of the trading partner country were effective in both estimations, while the variable of the import tariff ratio was not effective in any of them. The risk variables of the countries have also been effective in importing virtual water. The variables of access to water and lack of access to water are environmental variables that influence the model, similar to economic variables. Therefore, the import of oilseeds is affected by economic variables; however, since the importation of oilseeds is supported to meet the country's needs and government currency has been utilized during the studied period, the variable of real exchange rate growth has less effect on imports. On the other hand, the variables of access and lack of access to water, which consist of four environmental factors (total water withdrawal, total renewable water, agricultural water withdrawal, and total freshwater volume), play an important role in the import of virtual water through oilseeds to Iran.
The following suggestions can be made: Considering the significance of the variable distance between countries in the estimation, instead of meeting the demand for oilseeds from producers located at a large geographical distance, it is suggested to exchange these products with neighboring countries and regional markets if they are capable of producing these products. In other words, the Iranian government should accept the risk of importing oilseeds from neighboring and regional markets that are closer, rather than necessarily from the production hub. This may reduce the cost of importing this product by choosing these countries. Additionally, based on the role of the risk index, it is expected that countries with lower risk will be chosen as trading partners. Although the area under cultivation may be associated with a reduction in virtual water imports, considering the state of Iran's water resources and the need to import these two types of oilseeds, increasing the area under cultivation may not be feasible. Importing virtual water can play an important role in the sustainability of water resources while simultaneously meeting domestic needs. Based on the significance of access to and lack of access to water in the estimated relationships for soybean and sunflower production, certain countries have a relative advantage in cultivating these crops. Therefore, to enhance the management and sustainability of water resources, it is recommended to import from countries with greater water availability and higher production capacity. As a result, importing more virtual water supports the conservation of local water resources while ensuring the cultivation of these crops.

Cybersecurity is an increasingly critical concern for the financial services sector, which is often the target of various cyber threats. One of the primary vulnerabilities in this industry is the insufficient implementation of secure remote access controls, making it easier for malicious actors to exploit weaknesses. To address these pressing security issues, a research study proposes an innovative multi-layer, multi-factor authentication framework that combines the strengths of blockchain technology and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This integrated approach aims to secure access to financial services efficiently, without necessitating the development of specialized applications. The proposed security framework employs a multi-layered strategy, harnessing the advantages of both blockchain and PKI to create a robust digital authentication system. Blockchain technology provides a decentralized and tamper-resistant ledger that upholds the integrity and transparency of transactions, while PKI ensures the authenticity and confidentiality of data. In this model, security is maintained through four distinct layers: user identity verification utilizing multi-factor authentication, encrypted data signatures generated using the user’s private key, and comprehensive encryption of all data employing the server’s public key. Once encrypted, the data is systematically organized into blocks and securely stored on a blockchain network, further reinforcing both data security and traceability. Preliminary analysis indicates that this blockchain-integrated authentication system offers greater reliability and security compared to existing methods for remote access in financial services. Additionally, it fosters enhanced customer trust by facilitating secure, verifiable transactions without the need for a dedicated application for each service, ultimately ensuring crucial features such as non-repudiation and data integrity are upheld.

Red meat plays an important role in providing animal protein of Iranian households. However, its supply has experienced some challenges stemming from exchange rate fluctuations, smuggling livestock to the neighboring countries, and importing frozen meat financed by subsidized currency. In addition, there has been significant emphasis on self-sufficiency and providing the red meat domestically. On the other hand, based on Falcon Mark index, Iran has encountered water tension, the situation that may be getting worse as self-sufficiency is more focused. Regarding the problem, this study aimed at investigating different scenarios of domestically-produced and import of red meat with due consideration of simultaneously minimizing the costs of red meat and water use. For this purpose, multiobjective programing was applied using data for 2000-2018 in which minimization of spending for domestic consumption and water footprint embodied in domestic production was included. The selected scenarios were different combinations of the weights for minimization objectives. The results showed that depending on the weights assigned to the objectives, providing 30-40 percent of domestic need from domestically produced red meat was recommended while the remaining need might be provided via imports. The findings revealed that recommended combination for domestically-produced and imported red meat could reduce the spending on domestic need and water footprint significantly, resulting in 63 percent and 42 percent reduction in water use and cost spending, respectively; in addition, greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced. These results are the result of importing sheep meat from Australia or cattle meat with bones from Brazil. In spite of a significant reduction in the objectives’ values, the selected countries for import revealed a low diversity.

Iran imported 9 million tons of corn, from Switzerland, Emirate, England and, Netherlands in 2017 so these regions are now the major sources of corn import for Iran. Among the multiple risks, Iran's corn imports encountered systematics and unsystematic risk. Systematic risks are the risks carried by entire assets within a system and cannot be diversified. They are also called non-diversifiable risks, beta risks, and market risks. Specific risks are risks that are unique to an individual asset. In a portfolio, specific risks can be mitigated by using a diversification strategy. Terms or phrases which can be used conterminously with specific risks are diversifiable, unique, unsystematic, or idiosyncratic risks. International price fluctuation and internal policy comprise the risk of Iran's corn imports. Risk specification and management of Iran's corn imports are important since corn, as an input of livestock production, makes the risk of these industries and hence the price of red meat and poultry. The corn imports systematic risks refer to the risks caused by global corn price fluctuations. The systematic risks usually result from the unpredictable fluctuation of global corn demand or a concerted action taken by major corn exporters. All corn importing countries are liable to these risks. Global corn prices fluctuate when the global consumption of corn grows quickly and an imbalance of supply and demand ensues. Worldwide fluctuation is the risk brought about which cannot be avoided by diversification; all the corn importing countries will be affected by this risk. The specific risks to corn imports refer to the risks resulting from corn exporting countries. When a corn exporting country stops its exports due to the policies, climate, production decrease as a result of disease and the other production risk, or other factors, it will bring losses to the corn importing countries. These failures result in a specific risk to corn imports. Since such failures cannot take place in all countries at the same time, and most of them have delayed effects on global corn prices, diversification can be adopted in order to reduce the specific risks to corn importing countries.This paper tries to answer the following questions: What risks will Iran face in terms of corn import systematic or unsystematic risk? What is the relationship between global corn prices and the import prices of Iran's corn imports? Can diversification really minimize Iran's corn import risks?

This paper applies an improved portfolio model and diversification theory to quantify the risks for Iran's corn import risk during 2000-2019. Diversification theory often applied to the analysis of Iran's corn risks, is considered as a powerful instrument in this field of study. Firstly, for considering the systematic risk like the relationship between Iran's corn import prices and global corn prices is estimated. The Ease of Doing Business Index grading system is employed to represent the risk weight relative to each of source country, which should be able to better reflect the extent of each country's influence on Iran's corn risk. Secondly, the diversification index will be calculated and then the systematic and unsystematic risk is estimated. Finally risk index as an import ratio from source countries in order to replace the volume of imports from a country is used to solve the rapidly increasing risk as well as increasing import volume. 

Empirical results show that ever-increasing global corn prices, price fluctuations, and the increasing volume of imports are the root causes of the growth of Iran's corn import risks. The systematic risks are the primary risks to Iran's corn import risk, which the highest systematic risk accrued in 2011. The diversification indexes remain between 0.4 and 0.5, with no evidence that a linear relationship exists between the diversification index and the specific risk index. Therefore, it is not enough to just reduce the specific risks by increasing the number of source countries. It is of equal importance to import corn from countries with low-risk weights and to strike a balance among countries and regions with similar risks. From 2006 to 2011, Iran's corn import risk index remained steady, between 2.8 and 11. As the Ease of Doing Business Index grading system indicates, Iran should import less from countries with low Ease of Doing Business Index grades such as Singapore and import more from those with higher Ease of Doing Business Index grades, maintain balanced imports from countries with similar risks.

Style is the expression of a writer or poet. Stylistics has long been the focus of writers and critics. A careful study of a literary work, in addition to explaining the style of the creator of that work, acquaints us with the social, political, and cultural conditions of the times. Feminine style is writing from the mind and language of women. Fereshteh Sari is a graduate of Russian Computer and Literature. In the past decades, he has published various works in the field of poetry, fiction and translation. In this research, the following questions are answered: What are the linguistic features of Fereshteh Sari's works? What are the literary features of Sari stories? What is the connection between Sari's thoughts and ideas and the creation of his works? Why is the presence of women more prominent in the works of Fereshteh Sari? What are the strengths and weaknesses of Sari?

The present study is qualitative and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting materials is done by the library method. The method was that first the important sources and books of stylistics, articles, dissertations and treatises of stylistics were studied. After that, based on Shamisa's stylistic indicators, Fereshteh Sari's fictional works were evaluated in three levels of language, literature and thinking. To express the stylistic frequency of the long stories of Sari Morvarid Khatoon, Nili Island, Tomb of Lovers, Mitra, Parisa and Fennel Fragrance (1307 pages) were examined.

In recent years, women have been able to help society identify their homosexual emotions, needs, abilities, and right to life, while gaining an undeniable place in Iranian literature. Contemporary women writers, especially their younger generations, have consciously defended their rights with their vast knowledge and insight, and have displayed the coordinates of the pillars of their city in front of the audience.

By studying the fictional works of Fereshteh Sari from the linguistic point of view and phonetic analysis, the highest percentage of words in all novels are nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In lexical analysis, words have the highest frequency of words. In syntactic analysis, the mediation frequency of verbs is limited. From a literary point of view, irony has the highest frequency. His allusions are of the Emma type, and most of them are common allusions that everyone is familiar with. From an intellectual point of view, most of the author's works have a social approach and the author has tried to approach the text of society.

Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHAP) is a very valuable mineral that is widely used in tissueengineering as well as bone and dental repair. Moreover, it is a major component of bone, enamel and dentin that can interact effectively with healing tissues due to its high biocompatibility. It is important to note that the purpose of its medical application can be identified based on the structure and synthesis of HAP. This study aimed to efficiently review all the previously conducted studies on synthesis and application of nHAP over the years of researchers' efforts and present the results for optimizing biocompatible material synthesis.

An adequate supply of good-quality food is essential for human health and well-being. Milk and meat products derived from ruminants represent important sources of nutrients in human diets, providing energy, high quality protein, and essential minerals and vitamins. Nutritional quality is increasingly an important consideration in food choices, because of the growing consumer awareness of the link between diet and health. Many foods contain micro-components (i.e. conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and odd- and branched chain fatty acids) that have beneficial effects beyond those associated with their traditional nutrient content, and these are often referred as functional food components (Bauman et al., 2006). The epidemic of obesity in most highly developed countries has led to an understandable public health emphasis on low fat, low energy diets, and has provided a major stimulus for development of low fat products and fat substitutes as a means of reducing the prevalence of coronary heart disease. However, recent research suggests that there is a need to consider the quality as well as the quantity of fat in human diets (Williams, 2000). According to the recent reports, coronary heart disease is one of the most important factors affecting human mortality in the world which is associated with human feed regime (Bauman et al., 2006). This type of disease is a serious menace for human societies and scientific societies with different disciplines should have a collaboration to reduce the probability of occurrence of such disease. Accordingly, as a practical approach, production and supply of enough amounts of functional foods (dairy products) would be able to play a fundamental role in human health and well-being. Conjugated linoleic acid and its precursor is existed in ruminant animal driven products like milk and meat which have anticarcinogenic, anti-platelets accumulation, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and immune system modulation properties (Bessa et al., 2000; Williams, 2000). Furthermore, the beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) on heart health, and avoiding diabetes (type 2), high blood pressure, cancer, and disorders of the nervous system have been reported (Williams, 2000). Unfortunately, the current human diet is very high in omega-6 fatty acids (the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids is 20–30:1 instead of the traditional range of 1–2:1) because of the indiscriminate recommendation to substitute omega-6 fatty acids for saturated fats to lower serum cholesterol concentrations (Simopoulos, 1999). Intake of omega-3 fatty acids is much lower today because of the decrease in fish consumption and the industrial production of animal feeds rich in grains containing omega-6 fatty acids, leading to production of milk and meat rich in omega-6 and poor in omega-3 fatty acids. Hence, it is necessary to find possible and potential approaches to increase contents of conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, and other bio-active components in a safe, cheap, and easily available dairy products like milk. Despite this, consumer willingness to pay is another key factor that will affect industry interest (due to imposing some additional costs) to produce and supply of milk with functional food properties. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for a milk with functional food properties in Shiraz, Fars province and also, study of factors influencing this willingness. The data applied in this study were collected through a Contingent Valuation (CV) survey in 2017 in Shiraz, Fars province. in this study, 279 questionnaires were evaluated using the Cochran method and pretest information. The questionnaire was divided into four sections. In the first section information about milk with functional food properties was given. The second section consisted of questions regarding personal information about the respondent and respondent’s socio economic status such as, age, gender, income and education. The next section contained attitudinal questions to extract information about respondent’s attitude about this milk, as their attitude was evaluated by offering five options: very high, high, medium, low, and very low; and the fourth section sought information about respondent’s willingness to pay for this milk. In this study, variables such as age, gender, family number, education, income, marital status, employment and monthly frequency of use were used to estimate Tobit and line regression models (two step Heckman model). Except of age, family number and monthly frequency of use, all explanatory variables were binary (zero or one) and integers. After extracting the necessary data from 279 questionnaires, socio-economic characteristics are reported in Table 1,2, 3 and 4. Before proceeding to the results, general information should be obtained from the sample. The purpose of the estimated model was to measure the impact of the most relevant explanatory factors on the consumer WTP. The result of estimation reported in tables 4. Respondents indicate that milk health, milk quality, and prices are the most important factors to increase milk demand consumption. One hundred forty-three respondents think that the milk production stage is an important factor in controlling healthy milk. Based on these results, one of the most important factors that influence the WTP is the monthly frequency of milk use (1.5). Marginal effects and elasticity of explanatory variables on WTP probabilities were shown in Table 4. The marginal effect of family income indicated that 1 unit increasing on income, increased 5.6 ×10-8 unit probability of WTP. Education variables is significant at 5% level and has positive relationship with the probability on WTP. Result indicate that education change one to upper level, increased 0.042unit probability of WTP .one unit on monthly frequency of milk consumption Increased 0.052 unit probability of WTP (marginal effects) and 1% increased on monthly frequency of milk consumption 0.212 percentage probability of WTP increased (elasticity). Generally, women are more concerned with health issues than men, and therefore have a relatively higher WTP for this milk. Consumers with a higher level of education and the higher average household income will be willing to pay a greater price for milk with functional food properties. Young people compared to older have a relatively higher WTP for this milk, because disease prevention is most important for young people. This research revealed that educational level of household head had positive effect on WTP. The results of models reveal that all the factors hypothesized to positively influence consumers WTP, except for gender, age and family number factor. Consumers were willing to pay an additional 2784 Rials for food safety, which will account 19% increased price compared to the normal milk.