h. amanlou

Lamb fatteners receive less benefit due to unawareness regarding the suitable methods of fattenering. As it is conventional in broiler breeding, the diet of pre-starter contains high levels of protein and energy, which is specified to freshly hatched chicks and it decreases the number of days between hatching and slaughter day every year. Therefore, the same method can be tested in newborn lambs, meaning that the lamb receives the whole mother's milk and the initial diet, which is referred to creep feeds. The creep feed contains at least 15 percent crude protein and breeding lambs immediately after birth, with receiving a diet either rich in metabolizable protein or low metabolizable protein with a lysine amino acid and a rumen-protected methionine. This may be substituted with the conventional method of feeding lamb via whole mother's milk, alfalfa and Rangeland forage and then, fed in an intensive system under Iranian conditions. The present research was designed and conducted to economically compare the conventional method with creep feeding method in Afshari lambs, and to investigate the possibility of shortening the time from birth to slaughter. Production of meat with high quality and quantity without increasing the number of livestock and gaining an appropriate profit in the short term is one of the main goals of the fattening industry. The cost of livestock feeds supply is about 65-70% of the costs of raising and maintaining. If these costs are reduced in a period of fattening, in addition to producing meat with a good quantity and quality, more income will be also earned by the livestock owner (Farzad 1996; Talebi and Edriss 1999; Mousavi et al. 2005, 2011). Improving human living standards, reducing physical activity and changing food habits have led to a reduction in tail fat consumption and a rise in demand for meat. Also, if low-fat and low-fat sheep are produced, improving the nutritional efficiency will increase the economic efficiency of fattening units (Talebi 1998), so that the livestock fed in the lower ages will have better food efficiency (Hasanpour 1965; Mousavi et al. 2005, 2011). Choosing the appropriate fattening method will reduce the starting age, longevity and cost of rearing lamb and leaving livestock out of the pasture, which will lead to a rapid return of payments and improvement of investment in the sheep industry, reduced overgrazing and preventing soil erosion and flood damage. Due to the advancement of ruminant nutrition science in recent years, it is possible to start fattenning at a young age. Then, the use of creeping rations is associated with a change in the composition of the diet, especially metabolizable protein; as a result, growth, daily weight gain, and feed efficiency are increased and carcass compositions may have more meat. The goal of this study was to select an appropriate Fattening system that would provide greater economic returns through a higher percentage of meat, less feed, and reduced lamb's longevity. Choosing the appropriate procedure of feedlot and deliver the lambs to slaughter weight in the possible shortest time reduces the cost of livestock and There was an additional livestock departure from the pasture. 51 male lambs of Afshari were used in an unbalanced completely randomized design with 4 treatments included: treatment 1: Milk + alfalfa + pasture (conventional control without fattening as semi-intensive farming or CONT-UF ), treatment 2: Milk + alfalfa + pasture then get a fattening diet ( conventional control with fattening as semi-intensive farming or CONT-F ), treatment 3: milk + creep feeding ( included high protein metabolism as intensive farming or HMP), and treatment 4: milk + creep feeding (including low protein metabolism with lysine and methionine rumen protected as intensive farming or LMP +LMRP). The effect of creep feeding on average daily gain of lambs was significant (p=0.0001), (Table 2) Which was consistent with the results of others (Karim et al. 2001; Moriel and Arthington 2013; Yiakoulaki et al. 2007; Lardy and Maddock 2007). The reason for the increase in daily weight gain at an early age is due to the higher growth rate of the animal early in life, which is justified by growth curves that are consistent with the goal of experimenting with early onset of slaughter and slaughter at an early age. The low daily gain was due to the non-fattening control treatment, but it was fattened in the control treatment because fattening started at 5 months of age and the daily gain was lower at high ages. Reduced protein intake and amino acids intake and no effect on body weight changes were observed in creep diets, whereas in Abdelrahman and Hunaiti (2007), Purchas et al (1998) and Yousefian et al (2013) studies, weight gain was observed but in the experiment, Heydari et al (2014) reduced yield. Dry matter intake among the treatments was statistically significant and the highest rate was found in the fattening control (p=0.0001), (Table 2) Which is consistent with the results of other researchers (Eilami 1995; Eilami 2005; Kianzad 1993). The amount of dry matter consumed depends on the body weight of the animal as the age of the animal increases and consequently body weight increases feed intake in this experiment as slaughter age varies so the amount of consumption depends on the life of the animal and in creep treatments due to nutrient availability. As well as increased feed efficiency at an early age, the amount of dry matter consumed was low, whereas this was not the case for the control treatments because the dry matter consumed before the beginning of the feed was used to maintain low weight gain. FCR in the fattening and non-fattening controls increased significantly and recorded the highest amount in the fattened control (p=0.0001), (Table 2) This is in agreement with the results of other researchers (Eilami 1995; Eilami 2005; Kianzad 1993). The conversion factor is a function of the amount of feed consumed to increase body weight, which is an increase in the feed conversion ratio with increasing age of the animal due to the type of animal body stored so that as the age of the animal increases, the amount of fat stored in the protein increases and the cost of increasing each gram of fat tissue increases. Compared to the cost of increasing every gram of muscle tissue, this increases the conversion factor. Carcass effiency was reduced significantly in the non-fattening control (p=0.0001), (Table 3) While in the creep treatments, even at a young age, carcass yield had a higher number, indicating greater growth of organs, but no significant difference was observed between creep and fattening treatments. The greatest benefit was observed in LMP + LMRP treatment and loss was observed in CONT-F treatment (P = 0.0001), (Table 4) Since the fattened control treatment had a life span of 260 days and the other treatments reached the kill weight in the shortest time. Baesd on the economic calculations, LMP+LMRP treatment was determined as a better method for finishing lambs.

With regard to the importance of forage production in Iran, the main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between inputs and yield in different alfalfa harvesting systems by using production function. Therefore, data on alfalfa hay production were collected from 75 farms in Zanjan province using face to face surveying in the year 1391(2012). By a systematic random sampling method. Two farms in different areas were managed by silage harvesting system and data on all farms for alfalfa silage production estimated based on data obtained. The relationship between inputs and yield were estimated using Cobb-Douglas production function for different harvesting systems (alfalfa hay and alfalfa silage). The results of the production function showed that machinery had the highest impact among the inputs for alfalfa hay and alfalfa silage productions. The biocide and electricity for irrigation had negative impacts on yield in different alfalfa harvesting systems. Seed for alfalfa hay and machinery for alfalfa silage production had the highest marginal product values. Moreover, these results revealed that scale economies exist in different harvesting system of alfalfa production. Accordingly, proportionate increase in the inputs is recommended in order to find a more economical production process.

In this study the effect of diet dilution in 16-20 d of age and using a multi-enzyme (Endofeed-W) on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chickens (Cobb 500, commercial strain) was studied. This experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement 2×3 in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates and 8 chicks in each replicate. Experimental diets contained 0, 20 and 40 percent rice hulls and 2 levels of enzyme (0, 500 mg/Kg). These diets contained 3000, 2400, 1800 Kcal/Kg metabolizable energy, and 21, 16.8 and 12.6 % crude protein, respectively. In other days of experiment, the chicks were fed in according to Cobb 500 rearing guideline. During feed restriction and whole period of rearing (1-44d), diet diluting up to 20% decreased feed conversion ratio (P

The present study was conducted in order to determine the effects of feeding frequency (FF) on dairy cow performance fed a total mixed ration (TMR) based on chopped alfalfa hay. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows were housed in the individual boxes (4 × 3 m) and fed either once a day (1x) at 0700 h or 4 times a day (4x) at 0100، 0700، 1300 and 1900 h with TMR. The experiment was done as a 2 × 2 crossover design with two 20-d periods. When FF changed from 4x to 1x، dry matter intake (21. 1 vs. 20. 0 kg/d) and NEL intake (36. 4 vs. 34. 3 Mcal/d) increased (P

The 18 multiparous close-up Holstein dairy cows averaging BW 791. 1 kg in 23 d before expected calving date were assigned in a completely randomized design (n = 6) to study the effects of different levels of effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) on feed intake and nutrients digestibility in close-up and performance in the subsequent lactation. The effective neutral detergent fiber was considered as high 30. 40 (H)، moderate 27. 38 (M) and low 24. 61% (L). These changes were induced by alfalfa، corn silage and barely grain alterations in diets. All the cows were fed the same diet after parturition. Total rumination time was 473، 443 and 408 min/d for treatments H، M and L، respectively (P < 0. 03). Pre-calving DMI was 12. 07، 14. 29 and 12. 89 kg/d، (P < 0. 0007)، and post-calving DMI was 17. 41، 19. 03 and 18. 72 for treatments H، M and L، respectively (P < 0. 0001). Milk yield (P < 0. 09) and milk protein yield (P < 0. 07) were tended to rise with decreasing the peNDF. Total chewing activity negatively affected by decreasing the peNDF content in the diet. The results of the present study indicated that decreasing the peNDF in close-up diets have potential to increased DMI in both pre and post calving. We conclude that although the strategy of decreasing peNDF content of the close-up diets increases DMI and had potential to improve energy balance in dairy cows; the severe decrease of peNDF in close-up diets could negatively affect rumination time that possibly could have negative effects on cow health.

24 Holstein cows and 16 Holstein heifers in close-up period were used to evaluate the effects of ground wheat grain in prepartum diets on health and performance of dairy cows. Cows were blocked based on parity (three groups) and then randomly assigned to two experimental diets. Study rations included a treatment containing wheat with 1.62Mcal/kg NEL, 14.8%CP, 42.1%NFC, and –64meq/Kg DCAD and another treatment was composed of barley and wheat bran with 1.59Mcal/kg NEL, 14.8%CP, 38.2%NFC, and –48meq/Kg DCAD. Cows were fed experimental diets in group, on average 24%4 days prior to parturition, and they were fed the same ration up to day 21 postpartum. Average feed intake prior to confining, milk yield and composition, blood metabolites, feeding and chewing activity, urine and feces pH, placenta weight and time of its omitted, pregnancy duration, parturition status, body weight and BCS, and metabolic disorders were evaluated in this research. Average feed intake for wheat treatment was more than barley and wheat bran treatment (11.56 in contrast to 10.74, Kg DM), but it was not statistically significant. Milk production in wheat treatment had no significant increase. Milk fat yield in wheat treatment had a higher value compared to barley and wheat bran treatment (P<0.025). Blood calcium in wheat treatment was significantly higher (P<0.005), and blood glucose in wheat treatment was significantly higher than barley and wheat bran treatment (P<0.011). Changes in body weight and BCS, pregnancy duration and parturition status were not significantly different between treatments. Urine pH in wheat treatment had a significant decrease in the last week prior to parturition (P< 0.003).

A ruminal in situ experiment using three fistulated ewes was conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of steam–flaked broomcorn (SFBr), ground broomcorn (GBr) and ground barley (GB). Grain samples were suspended in the rumen of sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Nylon bags were washed with tap water after removal. Effective degradability of DM at outflow rates of k = 0.05 and k = 0.08 h-1 was significantly higher for SFBr than for GBr (59 and 53% vs. 43 and 35%). SFBr has considerably higher soluble DM than GBr and GB. Insoluble DM of SFBr was lower than that of GBr and GB. Solubility of CP in broomcorn grain was significantly decreased by steam–flaking, but degradation rate of insoluble CP was not altered. Results from this study showed that SFBr supplies the major source of availabe nutrients for rumen microorganisms compared with GBr. In other words, using the most efficient processing method for ruminants will be necessary.