hamidreza mosleh

This study investigated the correlation between the developmental stages of the third molar and chronological age in Kashan city. Determining people's age is particularly important in forensic dentistry. The best way to estimate people's age is to use radiographs and the best radiographs are dental graphs. Meanwhile, the best method is to use the developmental stage and the most favorable tooth for this task is the third molar. Due to the fact that developmental stages are dependent on inheritance and environment, it is necessary to examine each population specifically.

It was descriptive and cross-sectional study. By referring to the radiology centers of Kashan city, the archives of the last year of panoramic radiographs that met the entry and exit criteria were taken. The chronological age of the patients was extracted from their files. The calcification of the third molar tooth was ranked based on the approach suggested by Demirjian et al. Then the linear correlation coefficient between Demirjian’s score and chronological age was calculated.

Finally, 464 panoramic radiographs were examined. The age range of the patients was from 9 to 23 years. Among them, 257 were women (51.4%) and the rest were men. In general, the average age of adolescent clients based on Demirjian’s developmental criteria for the third molar teeth was 9.33 years on average in category A and 20.83 years in category H. It was also observed that with the increase in the developmental stages of Demirjian, the developmental age has increased.

This study showed that there is a significant relationship between the calcification stage of the third molar and chronological age.

The most well-known side-effect of Aminoglycoside antibiotics is significant hearing loss and balance issues. For instance, Gentamicin has been widely recognized for causing hearing loss in most patients. Aimes: This study explored the available evidence on hearing loss following Gentamicin use.

We conducted a comprehensive literature search using Web of Science and PubMed, with the keywords: "Deafness," "Hearing Loss," "Drugs," "Adverse Drug Reaction," "Ototoxicity," "Gentamicin," "Aminoglycosides," "Inner Ear," and "Audiogram." All data were independently extracted and relevant research was used to write this review article.

The reviewed studies highlight the critical factors influencing the severity of Gentamicin-induced hearing loss, including the site of administration, dosage, and co-administration with other ototoxic agents like Vancomycin. The mechanisms underlying Gentamicin ototoxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of sensory hair cells. The literature also suggests safer alternatives within the aminoglycoside class, such as apramycin and Gentamicin C1a, which could be considered for future clinical use.

Gentamicin has been consistently associated with significant ototoxic effects, particularly hearing loss, across various species and clinical contexts. Balancing its therapeutic benefits against potential hearing loss is essential. Developing more targeted interventions that preserve its antimicrobial efficacy while minimizing hearing loss risk may be possible.

Recently in 2019, a novel virus from coronavirus family (Sars-CoV-2) was introduced in China. ACE2 is a zinc metalloprotease played role in the angiotensin system. Earliest reports indicate that 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV tend to cells that express ACE2 on their surface. ACE2 is widely expressed in various organs such as the ovaries and other tissues of the female reproductive system and therefore can help Sars-CoV-2 to enter this system. COVID-19 infection can have dangerous effects on pregnant women or even cause infertility and other disorders of the female reproductive system.

In July 2020, we researched on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. We excluded articles that had an unrelated title or abstract. Finally, we selected the studies that were most relevant to our research subject.

ACE2 facilitates the attachment of the corona virus to the host cell membrane. As a result, the virus will enter the genome of the target cell. ACE2 has been shown to be expressed in various organs of the female reproductive system, and therefore SARS-CoV-2 can enter these cells. Studies to date have shown an invasion of new coronavirus into granulosa cells and ovarian tissue, endometrial epithelial cells, vagina, uterus and placenta.

SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to impair female fertility. With the assist of ACE2, the virus invades the female genital tissues, can affect the process of steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis and ovulation, and may eventually lead to menstrual irregularities, miscarriages and even infertility. To date, there have been no reports of coronavirus in the female reproductive system. At present, there is no evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses ACE2 receptors in the reproductive system or how they affect oocyte quality, ensuing pregnancy, or fetal growth.