homayon maleki

Due to chronic renal failure and hemodialysis and covid-19 epidemic, hemodialysis patients have a lot of stress and anxiety about performing hemodialysis in the hospital. This study was performed to determine the level of anxiety and depression in patients with hemodialysis in the coronary epidemic.

This is a cross-sectional study which 250 hemodialysis patients referred to one military Hospital at Tehran for hemodialysis were examined in the covid-19 epidemic from 25 November 2020 to 5 April 2021. The data collection tool was a researcher-made checklist that was completed during face-to-face interviews with hemodialysis patients in the dialysis ward and using their medical records and to evaluate the level of anxiety and depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire (HADS) was used. Then, using SPSS22 software, statistical data analysis was performed.

The results of the study showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of anxiety and depression in hemodialysis patients during covid19 epidemic (Pvalue =). They cause fear and isolation that can be used as a personal and social crisis which has led to stress and psychological problems.

supporting the family and society and allocating financial and human resources and increasing the level of awareness of patients and their families is effective in promoting the mental health of hemodialysis patients

Dentists are occupationally in contact with inorganic mercury. Monitoring of total mercury level among dentists from Zanjan province (Abhar and Khorramdareh), comparison of results with international criteria, similar studies and control group as well as investigation of effective factors on total mercury in scalp hair and nails of the samples were the research topic.

Total Mercury concentrations in scalp hair and nails of 25 dentists and students were measured. The non-parametric tests were applied to evaluate the data.

Statistically significant differences were detected between total Hg level in foot and finger nails (p<0.01) and scalp hair and finger nails (p<0.05) of dentists. Significant difference was detected between Total Mercury in finger nail of dentists and students (p<0.05). There was a highly significant correlation among Total Mercury in finger and foot nails (r=0.73، p<0/01) and total Hg in finger nails and average numbers of weekly amalgam fillings for patients (r=0.41، p<0/05). Total Mercury accumulation in dentist’s scalp hair was a correlate o fthe dentist’s occupational precedence (r=0.44 ،p<0/05).

Safety measures and capsulated amalgams can decrease Mercury levels in dentists. Total Mercury in scalp hair and finger nail of dentists is a reflex of age/occupational contact and amalgam using levels, respectively.

Mercury is the most toxic element in the environment and human communities are mainly exposing with its toxic effects via marine foods and amalgam fillings. Efficiency comparison of non-invasive matrices (Hair and Nails) for Hg exposure in mercury monitoring programs was the research head.

Head hairs as well as finger and toenails were obtained from 40 students of TarbiatModares University. Total mercury determination was done by Advanced Mercury Analyzer 254, LECO (USA). The results were reported as Mean(SE) ng g-dw.        

Occipital and frontal hairs, finger and toenails had 644(48), 662(48), 565(70) and 375(39) ng g-dw, respectively. Head hairs showed the least Coefficient of variation meanwhile hand nails showed the most. A significant positive correlation among whole bio-monitors barring fingernails were observed. Although, Total Hg level was the least in toenail matrix, but its mercury concentration showed a significant positive correlation with all other matrices and had the median Coefficient of variation, comparing with hairs and fingernails.

According to the study results, toenail beside of scalp hairs were more reliable in mercury bio-monitoring. Total mercury in fingernail is not an approvable biomarker to monitor the public hygiene.

Bioterrorism refers to the deliberate spread of biological agents among human and animal societies, causing irreparable damage, such as fatality, recession and social stress. , with emphasis on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the effect of this virus on the future of the world, and its use in bioterrorism.

This study is a narrative review based on available literature in both English and Persian languages by searching for a combination of keywords including bioterrorism, viral diseases and COVID-19 in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Magiran.

different subtitles, including history, viral biological weapons, emerging infectious diseases and future challenges.

The use of viruses will be a reasonable choice to overthrow nations due to their high spread and lethality, lack of conflict on the battlefield, or high economic and human costs. COVID-19 will present new aspects of bioterrorism impacts on the world's population and economy. Therefore, the tragedy of COVID-19 is not just about its current mortality, and in the near future, we can expect even more complicated problems. Future bioterrorism is therefore different from what we have seen in the past.