hossein behmanesh

 The modern communication tools develop constantly, thus accelerate globalization and cohesion of time and place. This has, in turn, both created opportunities and imposed threats for human life in all individual and social levels. One such threat is the intensification of identity crisis concurrent with the expansion of the communication tools. This has given chance to the religious fundamentalist groups to use modern communication tools to recruit sympathizers and to give a definition of resistance identity against the global identity. Daesh is one of these extremist groups that is still wreaking havoc in Iraq and Syria. It has managed to make big achievements in recruitments and in realization of its goals. The researchers in this paper have hypothesized that globalization and its consequences had direct impact on the growth of religious extremism and fundamentalism such as Daesh Takfiri group. Thus they pose the question of “What is the relationship between globalization and the joining of individuals to the religious fundamentalist groups, Daesh in particular?” In response to this question, this paper’s hypothesis suggests that: identities, ideological briefing, boundaries, values, places as well as sustainable and traditional time in globalization process have been affected by challenges and collapse, therefore, Takfiri groups like Daesh have tried to recruit from among societies with identity crisis and have managed to turn their sympathizers into active agents through their special way of identity formation and ideological briefing, the components of which will be covered in this paper. This has been achieved through modern communication tools.

Between 2011 and 2013, three governments ruled over Egypt, which made many foreign states perplexed on how to take stances towards them. In this respect, Saudi Arabia’s conduct and position towards Egypt notably towards Mohamed Morsi government from June 17, 2012 to July 4, 2013 have gained the attention of scholars. This paper seeks to answer the following question: How can Saudi conduct towards Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood government and his subsequent overthrow be explained? There are four factors that affect Saudi-Egyptian relations as follows: 1. Sociopolitical nature of the Muslim Brotherhood, 2. Syrian crisis, 3. New U.S. strategy in the Middle East, and 4. Formation of Egypt, Turkey and Qatar bloc. The first factor has an adverse impact on their bilateral ties, whereas the second would influence the ties positively. New U.S. strategy in the region heightened Saudi sensitivity towards the Muslim Brotherhood. The formation of the Egypt, Turkey and Qatar bloc as a rival to the House of Saud among the Sunnis encouraged Saudi leaders to increase their efforts at bringing Morsi down.