j. amini

Background & objectives:

Considering the importance of sanitizing vegetables before consumption, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different stages of the most common vegetable disinfection methods in Iran in reducing total coliform and fecal coliform for the most consumed edible vegetables.

Three stages of disinfection were done, including
Scraping and pre-wash of vegetables (first step),
Separation of parasites by 3-5 droplets of detergent per liter for 5 minutes (second step), and
Disinfection of vegetables with calcium hypochlorite solution (200 mg/l free chlorine) for 5 min (third step).
Finally, disinfected vegetables were washed out with water. MPN test was used to determine total and fecal coliform. The efficiency of each stage was determined using the difference between total and fecal coliforms before and after each and total disinfection stage. 

The fecal coliform amount did not reach zero even after all the disinfection steps in vegetables with more foliage and hidden holes (such as basil and onion). Besides, according to this study's results, radish, onion, and coriander leaves had the highest contamination, and lettuce had the lowest total and fecal coliform. The highest total coliform removal efficiency related to beets (93.3%) was obtained under calcium hypochlorite disinfection, and the highest fecal coliform removal efficiency related to leeks, parsley, and beets (100%) under calcium hypochlorite disinfection.

To achieve the highest efficiency in reducing microbial agents in vegetables, it is necessary to complete the different disinfection stages following its instructions. In this regard, the efforts of the media and health experts are essential.

There are two views on why Iraq invaded Kuwait: the US conspiracy and Iraq's internal problems. In this article, the authors focus on the second view and by using the theory of conflict transfer, try to examine the Iran’s defense strategy impact at the end of the war on the events that followed until the fall of Saddam.This research has been done by historical-descriptive-analytical method and is of applied (developmental) type. The method of data collection is library and field and has used the methods of expert analysis. The sample population is 21 officials, experts and elites in the military, political, economic, social and cultural fields.This article tries to study the impact of the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the final strategy of the war (acceptance of the resolution 598) on the events that followed until the fall of Saddam by studying the documents and interviewing war experts. So, the scope of research is the period of years after the adoption of the resolution and the end of the war until 2003 and the fall of Saddam.By presenting a conceptual model based on initial and compensatory strategies and initial and final results, the authors have come to the conclusion that the adoption of the resolution and the end of the war was the first consequence of the war and Imam Khomeini’s sincerity and foresight in making this decision caused the Iran-Iraq war would be transferred to the Iraqi front and its allies, and eventually overthrown of the Ba'athist regime. So, the final result of the Iran-Iraq war can be considered the fall of Saddam and the victory of the Islamic Revolution, which was due to the sincerity of the Imam in acting on the divine task.

Today, radar systems are used in a variety of applications including remote sensing. One of the most important challenges is to determine the position and the displacement vector of targets with high accuracy. For this purpose, the sensors installed on the ground platforms are used. In this paper, a method is presented that determines the absolute and relative position of the targets and also estimates the displacement of the targets in three dimensions. An FMCW mm-wave ground-based MIMO radar that has two transmitter antennas and four-receiver antennas are simulated. The sensor is designed to move on a two-dimensional plane and received the echo signals which are propagated by transmitters. Using the phase information of the signals captured by receivers antennas in different positions of the sensor, the arrival angle of the signal reflected from the target to the receiver antenna is determined. Then using the least square adjustment equations, the absolute location of the target is determined in the 3D space. Two scenarios were performed to evaluate the proposed model. The first test showed that the RMSE of the absolute position determination is less than 3 mm. in the second scenario, the determination of the displacement vector of the targets is examined. The result shows that the RMSE of the estimated displacement vector in three dimensions is less than 0.1 mm. It was also shown that the proposed method has no limitation in determining the relative displacement with different sizes. The presented model has the ability of the large displacement estimation without using phase unwrapping algorithms.

Rural societies, which are meeting more than two-third of food supplies, play an important role in providing food security in Iran. But, there are evidences which indicate that the situation of food security is unsuitable in comparison with urban areas. This situation result from some reasons that have not been considered yet. Therefore, this research is aimed at measuring food security and delineating its future challenges in Iran rural areas. To do this, household House Holder in 24 rural settlements were selected in Badr District as a case study. In quantitative section, for measurement of food security, a standard an international questionnaire from United States agricultural ministry were used, which its validity and reliability had been confirmed in several studies. In this phase, 175 of household House Holder were estimated as statistical sample and their point of views were examined. In qualitative part, data, which were collected from interview with key and knowledgeable, were continued until reaching to theory saturation by using purposeful sampling and snowball method and collected data were analyzed using Ground Theory Method. The results of quantitative section showed that food security is in an unsuitable situation, around 6.3% of persons placed in food security situation, 9.7% of persons in food insecurity without hunger, 25.1% of persons in food insecurity with moderate hunger and 58.9% of persons in in food insecurity with severe hunger. So, based on these results, there isn’t any significant relationship among studied rural areas in terms of food security. The results of qualitative section in relation to food security challenges also showed that there are five main challenges about food security in study area, which have a continuum relationship with each other. These challenges are: weak of policy making, weak of economic situation, continuum, environmental hazards, cultural obstacles, social changes and agricultural unsustainability.

The present study was conducted to investigate the hampering factors affecting development of rural women entrepreneurship in Shalil villages of Ardal Township. This descriptive analytical research was used documentation and field studies to collect data. Field data from the census of rural women, which they had been involved in entrepreneurial classes (195 people), is collected via a questionnaire. the validity Of questionnaire as research instrument was confirmed by Isfahan University staff and the reliability of the hampering factors was obtained by performing a pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha (α= 0.895). Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS software. TOPSIS and AHP techniques were used to achieve the main research objective and giving weight to the variables. Results showed some hampering factors that limited the entrepreneurship development of rural women such as lack of funding and inadequate savings; lack of collateral and guarantees for the use of public funds; and inability of rural women to compete with men in the field of trade and economy with the priority factor of 0.624, 0.613 and 0.59, respectively.

Nomad’s women affect the household economy via various ways. Employment of women in the handicrafts sector is one of the most important ways affecting the household economy for providing their needs. The aim of this present study is to investigate the effect of nomad women''s employment (semi-migratory) in handicrafts on household economies in Zrdlan village from chardavol county of Ilam province. This applied research was conducted by data collection form library-documentation research، field studies and survey via questionnaire. Geographic area of research is 26 villages that 54. 16 percent of the total villages in the study area are included. The rural economy is based on livestock breeding. In the study area also nomads'' women produce handicrafts such as sieh mal، chit، give، monj bafi، Jajim bafi، woodworking equipment of kitchen and etc. The population of the study was women over 12 year old (nomads، semi-migratory) in Zardelan village (2891 = N)، which sample size was estimated at 190 cases by using Cochran formula (0. 5 = p & q and 0. 08 = d) and using simple random sampling. Results showed that factors such as primitive technology for production، being far away from town، geographical isolation، lack of customers، lack of markets for their products and the lack of official support cause less access of women to income via handicrafts production in the region are studied. On the other hand، one-sample t-test results did not confirm the impact of nomad women`s employment in handicrafts on their household economies because of the problems.

During the observations over nurseries and almond orchards of Kermanshah Province in 2010-2011, saplings and fertile trees suspected to infection by Pythium and Phytophthora and the soil around their crown and foots were sampled. After culturing these samples on common and semi-selective media, some isolates of Pythium (sensu lato) and Phytophthora were obtained. These isolates were identified based on their morphological and several physiological characteristics. Pathogenesity tests were performed on excised shoots and seedlings In vitro and In vivo respectively. In this research, 12 isolates, belong to 4 species including Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Ovatisporangium helicoides and Pythium group-G were identified. The isolates were mostly from the soil around the roots and foots of saplings. In pathogenesity test on excised shoots, highly significant differences were found among the treatments based on the rate of disease extension. In this experiment the most disease extension was induced by P. cactorum followed by O. helicoides. There was no significant differences among P. aphanidermatum and P. group-G when compared to the control. In pathogenesity test under greenhouse condition, P. cactorum isolates caused seedling death after 7 days; but the symptoms of seedling death appeared after 40 days, when almond seedlings were exposed to P. aphanidermatum and O. helicoides. P. group-G did not make any pathogenesity on almond seedlings in both experiments. This is the first report of identification and pathogenesity of O. helicoides in Iran.

The employment of human resources is the most important and most critical objective of socio-economic plannings in any country. Development takes place when all the facilities and resources are effectively utilized. Unemployment, not only waste the human resources, but also, brings about the socio-economic or political problems. The waste of resources, especially human resources, turns the transition period of development to an attrition period and expand the scope of poverty in the society. At the present research by descriptive, analytical and causal approach aim to examine, analyze and compare the process of employment and unemployment in Sahneh Township with regard to ten-year and more population indicators (age of economic activities), active and inactive population, employed and unemployed population, employees of major economic sectors, the way of distributing inactive population among groups of students, housekeepers, … and also, identifying basic and non-basic economic sectors by using location quotient of Sahna city during the studied periods. The research adopts the descriptive-analytic method in which the data are collected through field methods. Considering the fact that Sahna has experienced the lowest rate of unemployment in the province during the two periods, results of the study indicate that, the rate of unemployment in comparison to the year 1996, has decreased 6% in the year 2006 and each of the ten-year and more indices, active population and employees in the agriculture sector has increased 10%, 11% and 10% respectively in the year 2006 than 1996. Totally, Sahneh township has had the minimum unemployment rate among all of Kermanshah townships in two periods. The results also show the increase in location quotient of agriculture sector and decrease in industry and agriculture sectors, so that, Only the agriculture sector of the city falls it to the group of economic basis, and it’s location quotient is more than 1, and industry and services sectors with location quotient of lower than 1 fell in none economic basis group. So in two study period by method of determining economic role, agriculture recognized as dominant economic activities in Sahneh township.