javad alipour

Cerebral Palsy (CP) can lead to various impairments, activity limitations, and participation restriction. Mirror therapy is considered a useful treatment for improving the movement of lower and upper limbs in individuals with CP. This study examines current evidence on the effects of mirror therapy in children with hemiplegic CP. This study examines current evidence on the effects of mirror therapy in children with hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy (CP).

We performed this narrative review using the scientific databases (including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, springer, ProQuest, web of science, OT seeker, Magiran, SID and IranDoc) and included controlled trials, quasi-experimental, case reports, pilot studies, and case series. We identified 25 studies, from which, 3 were excluded after screening the full text. Totally 22 studies were included for deep reviewing the effect of mirror therapy on functional performance of children with hemiplegic CP.

Although studies on the effectiveness of mirror therapy in children with hemiplegic CP were limited and the available literatures have shown different results, it appears that mirror therapy as a complementary treatment may improve sensory and upper limb motor function in children with hemiplegic CP.

This study suggests that mirror therapy may be helpful for sensory and upper extremity motor performance of children with hemiplegic CP. However, more clinical trials are needed to use this intervention to determine the exact effect of this treatment on children with hemiplegic CP.

Most hemiplegic children experience disorders related to lower limbs such as balance. Considering the importance of balance, in order to participate in activities of daily living, it is very important to use modern neuro-rehabilitation methods such as mirror therapy to improve balance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of mirror therapy on the static and dynamic balance of children with hemiplegic CP aged 5 to 12 years.

This study was conducted as a double-blind, randomized clinical trial on 20 children with spastic hemiplegia aged between 5-12 years old, from June 2021 to August 2022 in Tehran, Iran. Participating children were randomly allocated into test (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The children in the treatment group underwent 20 treatment sessions during four weeks. Each session consisted of 30 minutes of routine treatment and 15 minutes of mirror therapy for lower limbs. In the control group, sham therapy was performed instead of mirror therapy. The exercises performed in a seated position were: (1) active flexion of hip, knee, and ankle joints, (2) active knee extension plus ankle dorsiflexion, and (3) knee flexion (> 90°). Both groups were measured by the Pediatric Balance Scale to assess static balance and the Timed Up and Go test to assess dynamic balance at entry and the end of the study. SPSS version 26 software was used for statistical analysis.

Examining the results of the evaluations showed that before the treatment, the static and dynamic balance of the two groups did not differ significantly (p> 0/05), but the static and dynamic balance scores of the children in the treatment group after the four weeks mirror therapy period (five days per week) were statistically significant different from the control group (p<0/05).

According to the present study, it seems that mirror therapy as a complementary treatment can have a positive effect on improving balance (static and dynamic) in children with hemiplegic CP.

Considering the nature of human evolution and consequently human societies, human societies have always undergone change and transformation throughout history. These transformations arise from events and trends that in the present age are referred to as emerging phenomena or emerging issues. Emerging phenomena have very wide dimensions that cover almost all aspects of individual and social life of human beings and human societies. In today's world, known as the "globalized world", emerging phenomena have also taken on a global character and transcended political boundaries. Therefore, it is necessary to study emerging phenomena in any society and to monitor and predict their effects, especially their threats and harms. This article seeks to answer the question of descriptive-analytical method in what areas and dimensions and emergencies of emerging phenomena and what strategies can be adopted to manage their effects and threats. With the hypothesis that in the Iranian and world society there are now several emerging phenomena with different components and effects that to manage them and deal with potential threats and harms and take advantage of the opportunities imagined by them, three strategies can be submitted. , Confronted and interacted.

This study employed 2 theories of motivation (i.e., the regulatory focus and the regulatory fit) to examine how L2 students with different motivational compositions perform L2 oral tasks, especially in terms of accuracy and fluency. The researchers asked 52 intermediate students of a higher education center in Shahrekord (Iran) to partake in an experiment in which they were, first, categorized into 2 groups of either prevention-oriented or promotion-oriented based on their dominant motivational composition. Afterward, the research was conducted in 2 stages: the first one with a conditionally neutral speaking task (regulatory focus) and the second one with 2 conditionally charged speaking tasks, each designed to either induce prevention condition or promotion condition in the mind of the test takers, to see how task condition and motivational orientation of the participants tended to interact (regulatory fit). Results did not reveal any significant causal relationship between the participants' motivational orientation/task condition and their fluency and accuracy. We postulated that the predictions of these 2 theories were not realized because of the interference of extraneous factors such as curriculum design and learning experience.

Television can be considered a rich, helpful, and valuable source to expose L2 learners to huge amounts of comprehensible input so that they can improve their L2 knowledge and, in particular, their L2 vocabulary knowledge. This study aimed to discover how effective sustainable and extensive TV viewing can be in L2 vocabulary learning, considering the language of the on-screen text (L1 or L2) and instruction type (preteaching L2 items or not). Eighty L2 learners (58 female and 22 male), who had an intermediate English proficiency and were divided into four groups, participated in the intervention over an academic term in a language institute. Participants viewed 14 episodes of a TV series under four experimental conditions: (1) captions and preteaching, (2) captions without preteaching, (3) subtitles and preteaching, and (4) subtitles without preteaching. A pre/posttest design to examine the gains regarding both L2 vocabulary meaning and form was adopted. Results suggested that extensive exposure to TV series positively affected the participants’ L2 vocabulary learning, both in terms of meaning and form. Participants exposed to L2 captions outperformed those who had received L1 subtitles, concerning both L2 vocabulary meaning and form. Finally, the analyses showed that, overall, the groups that had undergone preteaching performed better, regardless of the language of the on-screen texts.

Zaroastrian as an Iranian minority like most residents of Iran has neither any school nor any educational official center till mid-Qajar period. They attentioned to training programs as religious education for children. The formation of modern school with new style has began since entry of the first parsian envoy to Iran whose named manekjy limjy Houshang Hateria. He would build new schools for zaroastrian children in time presence in Iran. After him, other Persian envoys such as Keikhosrow G. Khansaheb continued his work to building new schools. Arbab Keikhosrow Shahrokh was diligent in making schools. Zaroastrian Schools was not dedicated solely to educating boys but it were founded schools for Zaroastrian girl's education. In this paper, we want to review effects of new schools on cultural and social advancement of Iranian Zaroastrians with an analytical approach. It is necessary to show that new schools were able to attend field for Zaroastrian in Iranian social scene.